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Uribe-Carretero E, Rey V, Fuentes JM, Tamargo-Gómez I. Lysosomal Dysfunction: Connecting the Dots in the Landscape of Human Diseases. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13:34. [PMID: 38248465 PMCID: PMC10813815 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes are the main organelles responsible for the degradation of macromolecules in eukaryotic cells. Beyond their fundamental role in degradation, lysosomes are involved in different physiological processes such as autophagy, nutrient sensing, and intracellular signaling. In some circumstances, lysosomal abnormalities underlie several human pathologies with different etiologies known as known as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). These disorders can result from deficiencies in primary lysosomal enzymes, dysfunction of lysosomal enzyme activators, alterations in modifiers that impact lysosomal function, or changes in membrane-associated proteins, among other factors. The clinical phenotype observed in affected patients hinges on the type and location of the accumulating substrate, influenced by genetic mutations and residual enzyme activity. In this context, the scientific community is dedicated to exploring potential therapeutic approaches, striving not only to extend lifespan but also to enhance the overall quality of life for individuals afflicted with LSDs. This review provides insights into lysosomal dysfunction from a molecular perspective, particularly in the context of human diseases, and highlights recent advancements and breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Uribe-Carretero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Verónica Rey
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (E.U.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Tamargo-Gómez I, Martínez-García GG, Suárez MF, Mayoral P, Bretones G, Astudillo A, Prieto-Lloret J, Sveen C, Fueyo A, Engedal N, López-Otín C, Mariño G. Analysis of ATG4C function in vivo. Autophagy 2023; 19:2912-2933. [PMID: 37459465 PMCID: PMC10549197 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2234799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ATG4 (autophagy related 4 cysteine peptidase); ATG4A (autophagy related 4A cysteine peptidase); ATG4B (autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase); ATG4C (autophagy related 4C cysteine peptidase); ATG4D (autophagy related 4D cysteine peptidase); Atg8 (autophagy related 8); GABARAP (GABA type A receptor-associated protein); GABARAPL1(GABA type A receptor-associated protein like 1); GABARAPL2 (GABA type A receptor-associated protein like 2); MAP1LC3A/LC3A (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha); MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta); mATG8 (mammalian Atg8); PE (phosphatidylethanolamine); PS (phosphatydylserine); SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma G. Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - María F. Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Mayoral
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Biobanco Del Principado de Asturias (BBPA_ISPA_IUOPA), Registro Nacional de Biobancos PT20/161, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto-Lloret
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Christina Sveen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Norway
| | - Antonio Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Norway
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Ugalde AP, Bretones G, Rodríguez D, Quesada V, Llorente F, Fernández-Delgado R, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Vázquez J, Calvo E, Tamargo-Gómez I, Mariño G, Roiz-Valle D, Maeso D, Araujo-Voces M, Español Y, Barceló C, Freije JMP, López-Soto A, López-Otín C. Autophagy-linked plasma and lysosomal membrane protein PLAC8 is a key host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110727. [PMID: 36124427 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells should help to identify host factors that may be targetable to combat infection and COVID-19 pathology. To this end, we have conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function screen in human lung cancer cells infected with SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped lentiviruses. Our results recapitulate many findings from previous screens that used full SARS-CoV-2 viruses, but also unveil two novel critical host factors: the lysosomal efflux transporter SPNS1 and the plasma and lysosomal membrane protein PLAC8. Functional experiments with full SARS-CoV-2 viruses confirm that loss-of-function of these genes impairs viral entry. We find that PLAC8 is a key limiting host factor, whose overexpression boosts viral infection in eight different human lung cancer cell lines. Using single-cell RNA-Seq data analyses, we demonstrate that PLAC8 is highly expressed in ciliated and secretory cells of the respiratory tract as well as in gut enterocytes, cell types that are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proteomics and cell biology studies suggest that PLAC8 and SPNS1 regulate the autophagolysosomal compartment and affect the intracellular fate of endocytosed virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P Ugalde
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Roiz-Valle
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel Maeso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Araujo-Voces
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Yaiza Español
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carles Barceló
- Translational Pancreatic Cancer Oncogenesis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José M P Freije
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Autophagy and Metabolism Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma G Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Autophagy and Metabolism Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - María F Suárez
- Autophagy and Metabolism Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alvaro F Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Autophagy and Metabolism Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Tamargo-Gómez I, Martínez-García GG, Suárez MF, Rey V, Fueyo A, Codina-Martínez H, Bretones G, Caravia XM, Morel E, Dupont N, Cabo R, Tomás-Zapico C, Souquere S, Pierron G, Codogno P, López-Otín C, Fernández ÁF, Mariño G. Correction to: ATG4D is the main ATG8 delipidating enzyme in mammalian cells and protects against cerebellar neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3197. [PMID: 33893394 PMCID: PMC8563868 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Gemma G Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - María F Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Verónica Rey
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Antonio Fueyo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Helena Codina-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xurde M Caravia
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Morel
- U1151 and Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- U1151 and Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Cabo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Tomás-Zapico
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,CNRS, Villejuif, France
| | - Gerard Pierron
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,CNRS, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- U1151 and Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, INSERM, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro F Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
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Tamargo-Gómez I, Fernández ÁF, Mariño G. Pathogenic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Autophagy-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218196. [PMID: 33147747 PMCID: PMC7672651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has gained increasing importance in biomedical research, as they can either be at the molecular origin of a determined disorder or directly affect the efficiency of a given treatment. In this regard, sequence variations in genes involved in pro-survival cellular pathways are commonly associated with pathologies, as the alteration of these routes compromises cellular homeostasis. This is the case of autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved pathway that counteracts extracellular and intracellular stressors by mediating the turnover of cytosolic components through lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, autophagy dysregulation has been extensively described in a wide range of human pathologies, including cancer, neurodegeneration, or inflammatory alterations. Thus, it is not surprising that pathogenic gene variants in genes encoding crucial effectors of the autophagosome/lysosome axis are increasingly being identified. In this review, we present a comprehensive list of clinically relevant SNPs in autophagy-related genes, highlighting the scope and relevance of autophagy alterations in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Álvaro F. Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.F.F.); (G.M.); Tel.: +34-985652416 (G.M.)
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.F.F.); (G.M.); Tel.: +34-985652416 (G.M.)
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Tamargo-Gómez I, Mariño G. AMPK: Regulation of Metabolic Dynamics in the Context of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123812. [PMID: 30501132 PMCID: PMC6321489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed mechanisms that allow them to link growth and proliferation to the availability of energy and biomolecules. AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) is one of the most important molecular energy sensors in eukaryotic cells. AMPK activity is able to control a wide variety of metabolic processes connecting cellular metabolism with energy availability. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway whose activity provides energy and basic building blocks for the synthesis of new biomolecules. Given the importance of autophagic degradation for energy production in situations of nutrient scarcity, it seems logical that eukaryotic cells have developed multiple molecular links between AMPK signaling and autophagy regulation. In this review, we will discuss the importance of AMPK activity for diverse aspects of cellular metabolism, and how AMPK modulates autophagic degradation and adapts it to cellular energetic status. We will explain how AMPK-mediated signaling is mechanistically involved in autophagy regulation both through specific phosphorylation of autophagy-relevant proteins or by indirectly impacting in the activity of additional autophagy regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Tamargo-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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