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Davidson DJ, Lu F, Faas L, Dawson DM, Warren GP, Panovic I, Montgomery JRD, Ma X, Bosilkov BG, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Chatzifragkou A, Robinson S, Ashbrook SE, Shaw LJ, Lambert S, Van Damme I, Gomez LD, Charalampopoulos D, Westwood NJ. Organosolv Pretreatment of Cocoa Pod Husks: Isolation, Analysis, and Use of Lignin from an Abundant Waste Product. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:14323-14333. [PMID: 37799817 PMCID: PMC10548466 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa pod husks (CPHs) represent an underutilized component of the chocolate manufacturing process. While industry's current focus is understandably on the cocoa beans, the husks make up around 75 wt % of the fruit. Previous studies have been dominated by the carbohydrate polymers present in CPHs, but this work highlights the presence of the biopolymer lignin in this biomass. An optimized organosolv lignin isolation protocol was developed, delivering significant practical improvements. This new protocol may also prove to be useful for agricultural waste-derived biomasses in general. NMR analysis of the high quality lignin led to an improved structural understanding, with evidence provided to support deacetylation of the lignin occurring during the optimized pretreatment. Chemical transformation, using a tosylation, azidation, copper-catalyzed click protocol, delivered a modified lignin oligomer with an organophosphorus motif attached. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to demonstrate the oligomer's potential as a flame-retardant. Preliminary analysis of the other product streams isolated from the CPHs was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Davidson
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Faas
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Dawson
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey P Warren
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Panovic
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James R D Montgomery
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Boris G Bosilkov
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Robinson
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon E Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Liz J Shaw
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Smilja Lambert
- Mars Wrigley Australia, Ring Road, Wendouree, VIC 3355, Australia
| | - Isabella Van Damme
- Mars Wrigley Confectionery UK Ltd., Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4LG, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Panovic I, Lancefield CS, Phillips D, Gronnow MJ, Westwood NJ. Selective Primary Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Streams from Butanol-Pretreated Agricultural Waste Biomass. ChemSusChem 2019; 12:542-548. [PMID: 30537171 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified lignins are important for the generation of biomass-derived materials and as precursors to renewable aromatic monomers. A butanol-based organosolv pretreatment has been used to convert an abundant agricultural waste product, rice husks, into a cellulose pulp and three additional product streams. One of these streams, a butanol-modified lignin, was oxidized at the γ position to give a carboxylic acid functionalized material. Subsequent coupling of the acid with aniline aided lignin characterization and served as an example of the flexibility of this approach for grafting side chains onto a lignin core structure. The pretreatment was scaled up for use on a multi-kilogram scale, a development that enabled the isolation of an anomeric mixture of butoxylated xylose in high purity. The robust and scalable butanosolv pretreatment has been developed further and demonstrates considerable potential for the processing of rice husks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panovic
- School of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Christopher S Lancefield
- School of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Darren Phillips
- Biorenewables Development Centre, 1 Hassacarr Close, Chessingham Park, Dunnington, York, YO19 5SN, UK
| | - Mark J Gronnow
- Biorenewables Development Centre, 1 Hassacarr Close, Chessingham Park, Dunnington, York, YO19 5SN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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Miles-Barrett DM, Neal AR, Hand C, Montgomery JRD, Panovic I, Ojo OS, Lancefield CS, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Westwood NJ. The synthesis and analysis of lignin-bound Hibbert ketone structures in technical lignins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10023-10030. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01915c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A detailed NMR study of lignin-bound Hibbert ketone structures and depolymerisation studies of technical lignins to yield novel aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Miles-Barrett
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Andrew R. Neal
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Calum Hand
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - James R. D. Montgomery
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Isabella Panovic
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - O. Stephen Ojo
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM
- Scotland
- UK
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