Rendimiento forrajero, grano y calidad del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) tipo Desi

Debido a la importancia que tiene el garbanzo tipo Desi, en ciertas zonas de México, como alimento para el ganado, la investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar e identificar genotipos sobresalientes en la producción de forraje, grano y calidad nutrimental. Para ello, se utilizaron cinco genotipos de garbanzo; cuatro del INIFAP y uno del ICRISAT. Los ensayos de campo se establecieron durante los ciclos agrícolas de otoño-invierno del 2018 - 2019 y 2019 - 2020 de acuerdo con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los cinco genotipos mostraron similar rendimiento de grano (3.48 – 3.87 t ha-1); la variedad El Patrón presentó el mayor rendimiento biológico (14.21 t ha-1), de esquilmos (10.73 t ha-1) y mayor capacidad de unidades animal por alimentar. El grano de la variedad San Antonio 05 presentó el más alto contenido de proteína (24.04 %) y la línea experimental ICC-1273, el más bajo (21.55 %). El análisis de preferencia mostró que el genotipo ICC-1273 fue el de mayor calidad nutrimental. Todos los genotipos mostraron un contenido importante de minerales, siendo el K+ (1.35 a 1.44 %) el de mayor concentración.

Complete genome sequence of a novel comovirus infecting common bean

The complete genome sequence of a novel comovirus identified in Guanajuato, Mexico, in a common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) coinfected with Phaseolus vulgaris alphaendornavirus 1 (PvEV-1) and Phaseolus vulgaris alphaendornavirus 2 (PvEV-2) is presented. According to the current ICTV taxonomic criteria, this comovirus corresponds to a new species, and the name "Phaseolus vulgaris severe mosaic virus" (PvSMV) is proposed for this virus based on the observed symptoms of "severe mosaic" syndrome caused by comoviruses in common bean. PvSMV is closely related to bean pod mosaic virus (BPMV), and its genome consists of two polyadenylated RNAs. RNA-1 (GenBank accession number MN837498) is 5969 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes a single polyprotein of 1856 amino acids (aa), with an estimated molecular weight (MW) of 210 kDa, that contains putative proteins responsible for viral replication and proteolytic processing. RNA-2 (GenBank accession number MN837499) is 3762 nt long and encodes a single polyprotein of 1024 aa, with an estimated MW of 114 kDa, that contains putative movement and coat proteins. Cleavage sites were predicted based on similarities in size and homology to aa sequences of other comoviruses available in the GenBank database. Symptoms associated with PvSMV include mosaic, local necrotic lesions, and apical necrosis. This is the first report of a comovirus infecting common bean in Mexico.

Fermented non-digestible fraction from combined nixtamalized corn (Zea mays L.)/cooked common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) chips modulate anti-inflammatory markers on RAW 264.7 macrophages

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are low-level inflammation processes affected by several factors including diet. It has been reported that mixed whole grain and legume consumption, e.g. corn and common bean, might be a beneficial combination due to its content of bioactive compounds. A considerable amount would be retained in the non-digestible fraction (NDF), reaching the colon, where microbiota produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic compounds (PC) with known anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to estimate the anti-inflammatory potential of fermented-NDF of corn-bean chips (FNDFC) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. After 24 h, FNDFC produced SCFAs (0.156-0.222 mmol/l), inhibited nitric oxide production > 80% and H₂O₂ > 30%, up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (I-TAC, TIMP-1) > 2-fold, and produced angiostatic and protective factors against vascular/tissue damage, and amelioration of tumor necrosis factor signalling and inflammatory bowel disease. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory potential derived from healthy corn-bean chips.

Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in Mexico

A survey was performed in Mexico to study the distribution of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) using a set of primers directed to the coat protein gene (CP) that were designed to detect and characterize the two viral species. Both viral species were present in different locations in the country. BCMV was predominant in the central states of the country, whereas BCMNV proliferated toward the eastern tropical states. The alignment of nine nucleotide sequences for each viral species at the amino region of the CP gene confirmed the identities of the viruses and set the basis to assign them tentatively to pathogroups I, II, and VI.

First Report of Bean common mosaic necrotic virus Infecting Bean Plants in Aguascalientes and Veracruz, Mexico

Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) is a pathogen of Phaseolus vulgaris L. BCMNV was previously classified in serogroup A (for necrotic strains) of the Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) subgroup; serogroup B included non-necrotic strains of BCMV. Both serogroups are currently classified as two different species in the BCMV subgroup of the Poytvirus genus; strains of either species will produce mosaic symptoms and, in the presence of hypersensitive I gene, necrosis in bean plants (1). Prior to this classification, BCMV was reported in Mexico by the presence of mosaic and necrotic symptoms (2). To investigate the presence of BCMNV in Mexico, samples were collected in two of the main bean producing states. The total extracted RNA was used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using primers complementary to the middle portion of the NIa gene (5') and the 3' UTR of the NL3 Michigan isolate (accession number U19287). Two cDNA segments of 2 and 3 kb were obtained from infected plants from the state of Aguascalientes, in the highlands of central Mexico, and from the state of Veracruz, in the lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico, respectively. The cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. Alignment analysis of these sequences with the NL3 strain of BCMNV showed a similarity of 96.4 and 96.7%, respectively. The similarity between the Aguascalientes (accession number AJ01265) and Veracruz isolates was 99.6%, indicating that both are variants of the same species. On the other hand, alignment analysis of these isolates with some published BCMV strain sequences (i.e., accession numbers L15332 and U55315) displayed low similarities of 52.9 and 64.4%, respectively. These comparisons indicate that the Aguascalientes and Veracruz viral isolates belong to the BCMNV species and is the causal agent of mosaic and necrosis observed on the bean plants in those states. References: (1) C. W. Collmer et al. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9:758, 1996. (2) E. Jimenez-García. SARH. Mexico. D. F. pp: 3-4, 1994.

[Effect of growing location on sensory properties and nutritional characteristics of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)]

The present research consisted of an evaluation of five genotypes harvested from six growing locations. Variables of sensory properties, cooking quality and nutritional characteristics were determined. Genotype with longer cooking time was BV which also present hard shell. Those of shorter cooking time were FMB and PV. In Calera frosting during pod filling, drastically reduced cooking time, sensory properties and tannins. Taking this location off, the analysis show little effect of genotype or growing location in regard to determined properties. The genotypes with lower content of tannins were PV and BV. The content of lectins were in general low for all samples and the diferences between genotypes were not statistically significant (p<0.05) but they did for growing location.