Large local Hall effect in pin-hole dominated multigraphene spin-valves

We report local and non-local measurements in pin-hole dominated mesoscopic multigraphene spin-valves. Local spin-valve measurements show spurious switching behavior in resistance during magnetic field sweeping similar to the signal observed due to spin injection into multigraphene. The switching behavior has been explained in terms of a local Hall effect due to a thickness irregularity of the tunnel barrier. The local Hall effect appears due to a large local magnetostatic field produced near the roughness in the AlO(x) tunnel barrier. In our samples the resistance change due to the local Hall effect remains negligibly small above 75 K. A strong local Hall effect might hinder spin injection into multigraphene, resulting in no spin signal in non-local measurements.

Can doping graphite trigger room temperature superconductivity? Evidence for granular high-temperature superconductivity in water-treated graphite powder

Granular superconductivity in powders of small graphite grains (several tens of micrometers) is demonstrated after treatment with pure water. The temperature, magnetic field and time dependence of the magnetic moment of the treated graphite powder provides evidence for the existence of superconducting vortices with some similarities to high-temperature granular superconducting oxides but even at temperatures above 300 K. Room temperature superconductivity in doped graphite or at its interfaces appears to be possible.

Revealing the origin of the vertical hysteresis loop shifts in an exchange biased Co/YMnO3 bilayer

We have investigated exchange bias effects in bilayers composed of the antiferromagnetic o-YMnO(3) and ferromagnetic Co thin film by means of SQUID magnetometry, magnetoresistance, anisotropic magnetoresistance and the planar Hall effect. The magnetization and magneto-transport properties show pronounced asymmetries in the field and magnetization axes of the field hysteresis loops. Both exchange bias parameters, the exchange bias field H(E)(T) as well as the magnetization shift M(E)(T), vanish around the Néel temperature T(N) =/~ 45 K. We show that the magnetization shift M(E)(T) is also measured by a shift in the anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall resistance having a similar temperature dependence as the one obtained from magnetization measurements. Because the o-YMnO(3) film is highly insulating, our results demonstrate that the M(E)(T) shift originates at the interface within the ferromagnetic Co layer. To show that the main results obtained are general and not because of some special characteristics of the o-YMO(3) layer, similar measurements were done in Co/CoO micro-wires. The transport and magnetization characterization of the micro-wires supports the main conclusion that these effects are related to the response of the ferromagnetic Co layer at the interface.

An alternative route towards micro- and nano-patterning of oxide films

This paper presents a method to obtain submicron- and nanometer structures of different oxide films and heterostructures combining e-beam lithography and chemical etching. The most relevant advantage of this method is that structures of tens of microns in length and below ∼100 nm width can be produced, keeping the intrinsic bulk film properties, as proven by electrical transport measurements. In this way our method provides a bridge that connects the attractive properties of oxide films and the nanoworld.

Quantum oscillations and ferromagnetic hysteresis observed in iron filled multiwall carbon nanotubes

We report on the electrical transport properties of single multiwall carbon nanotubes with and without an iron filling as a function of temperature and magnetic field. For the iron filled nanotubes the magnetoresistance shows a magnetic behavior induced by iron, which can be explained by taking into account a contribution of s-d hybridization. In particular, ferromagnetic-like hysteresis loops were observed up to 50 K for the iron filled multiwall carbon nanotubes. The magnetoresistance shows quantum interference phenomena such as universal conductance fluctuations and weak localization effects.

The influence of Ga(+) irradiation on the transport properties of mesoscopic conducting thin films

We studied the influence of 30 keV Ga(+)-ions-commonly used in focused-ion-beam (FIB) devices-on the transport properties of thin crystalline graphite flakes, and La(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3) and Co thin films. The changes in electrical resistance were measured in situ during irradiation and also the temperature and magnetic field dependence before and after irradiation. Our results show that the transport properties of these materials strongly change at Ga(+) fluences much below those used for patterning and ion-beam-induced deposition (IBID), seriously limiting the use of FIB when the intrinsic properties of the materials of interest are of importance. We present a method that can be used to protect the sample as well as to produce selectively irradiation-induced changes.

Disordered electrical potential observed on the surface of SiO2 by electric field microscopy

The electrical potential on the surface of ∼300 nm thick SiO(2) grown on single-crystalline Si substrates has been characterized at ambient conditions using electric field microscopy. Our results show an inhomogeneous potential distribution with fluctuations up to ∼0.4 V within regions of 1 µm. The potential fluctuations observed at the surface of these usual dielectric holders of graphene sheets should induce strong variations in the graphene charge densities and provide a simple explanation for some of the anomalous behaviors of the transport properties of graphene.

Transport properties and atomic structure of ion-beam-deposited W, Pd and Pt nanostructures

We investigate the atomic structure and transport properties as a function of temperature (T) and applied magnetic field (H) of ion-beam-induced deposition (IBID) of tungsten, palladium and platinum micrometer and nanometer sized thin films and wires. The samples show a non-metallic behavior due to the low metallic content. Electron diffraction at room temperature reveals that the samples are amorphous (W, Pt) and polycrystalline (Pd). The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the samples reveal a behavior similar to that found in disordered or granular conductors. The resistivity rho decreases with T following a function of the type rho(T) = a-bT(alpha)+cT(-beta) (alpha,beta > or = 0) and the magnetoresistance of all samples shows a scaling of the form [rho(H,T)-rho(0,T)]/rho(0,T) = f(H/C(T)), with a temperature-and sample-dependent parameter C(T).

Transport properties and growth parameters of PdC and WC nanowires prepared in a dual-beam microscope

In this work we investigate the electrical transport properties and growth conditions of tungsten carbon (WC) and palladium carbon (PdC) nanostructures on Si substrates using a focused ion beam and scanning electron microscope. In situ energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) characterizations reveal that electron-beam-induced WC and PdC nanostructure depositions (EBID) show a lower metal concentration (below 3% atomic percentage) than in ion-beam-induced deposition (IBID) (above 20%). In the case of PdC the growth pattern and the Pd/C content were optimized by adjusting the deposition temperature of the precursor material. In situ measurements of the resistivity of the nanostructures as a function of thickness reveal a minimum at a thickness approximately 200 nm. The lowest resistivity obtained for the PdC and WC structures is two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding bulk values for pure Pd and W. The EBID samples show a non-metallic behaviour due to the low metal content. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the IBID structures reveal a behaviour similar to disordered or granular conductors. The upper critical field and critical current density of the WC structures were measured below the superconducting critical temperature of approximately 5 K.

Sample-size effects in the magnetoresistance of graphite

Conduction electrons in graphite are expected to have micrometer large de Broglie wavelength as well as mean free path. A direct influence of these lengths in the electric transport properties of finite-size samples was neglected in the past. We provide a direct evidence of this effect through the size dependence of the magnetoresistance, which decreases with the sample size even for samples hundreds of micrometers large. Our findings may explain the absence of magnetoresistance in small few graphene layers samples and ask for a general revision of the experimental and theoretical work on the transport properties of this material.