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Loera-Valencia R, Cedazo-Minguez A, Kenigsberg PA, Page G, Duarte AI, Giusti P, Zusso M, Robert P, Frisoni GB, Cattaneo A, Zille M, Boltze J, Cartier N, Buee L, Johansson G, Winblad B. Current and emerging avenues for Alzheimer's disease drug targets. J Intern Med 2019; 286:398-437. [PMID: 31286586 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia, is escalating as a global epidemic, and so far, there is neither cure nor treatment to alter its progression. The most important feature of the disease is neuronal death and loss of cognitive functions, caused probably from several pathological processes in the brain. The main neuropathological features of AD are widely described as amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the aggregated protein tau, which contribute to the disease. Nevertheless, AD brains suffer from a variety of alterations in function, such as energy metabolism, inflammation and synaptic activity. The latest decades have seen an explosion of genes and molecules that can be employed as targets aiming to improve brain physiology, which can result in preventive strategies for AD. Moreover, therapeutics using these targets can help AD brains to sustain function during the development of AD pathology. Here, we review broadly recent information for potential targets that can modify AD through diverse pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches including gene therapy. We propose that AD could be tackled not only using combination therapies including Aβ and tau, but also considering insulin and cholesterol metabolism, vascular function, synaptic plasticity, epigenetics, neurovascular junction and blood-brain barrier targets that have been studied recently. We also make a case for the role of gut microbiota in AD. Our hope is to promote the continuing research of diverse targets affecting AD and promote diverse targeting as a near-future strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - G Page
- Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive impairments - EA3808, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - A I Duarte
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Giusti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Zusso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Robert
- CoBTeK - lab, CHU Nice University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - G B Frisoni
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Cattaneo
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Zille
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - N Cartier
- Preclinical research platform, INSERM U1169/MIRCen Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - L Buee
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, CHU-Lille, Inserm, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - G Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - B Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lipfert J, Ödemis V, Wagner DC, Boltze J, Engele J. CXCR4 and CXCR7 form a functional receptor unit for SDF-1/CXCL12 in primary rodent microglia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:667-80. [PMID: 23289420 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Microglial cells have been originally identified as a target for the CXC chemokine, SDF-1, by their expression of CXCR4. More recently, it has been recognized that SDF-1 additionally binds to CXCR7, which depending on the cell type acts as either a nonclassical, a classical or a scavenger chemokine receptor. Here, we asked whether primary microglial cells additionally express CXCR7 and if so how this chemokine receptor functions in this cell type. METHODS CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression was analysed in cultured rat microglia and in the brain of animals with permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) by either Western blotting, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and/or immunocytochemistry. The function of CXCR4 and CXCR7 was assessed in the presence of selective antagonists. RESULTS Cultured primary rat microglia expressed CXCR4 and CXCR7 to similar levels. Treatment with SDF-1 resulted in the activation of Erk1/2 and Akt signalling. Erk1/2 and Akt signalling were required for subsequent SDF-1-dependent promotion of microglial proliferation. In contrast, Erk1/2 signalling was sufficient for SDF-1-induced migration of microglial cells. Both SDF-1-dependent signalling and the resulting effects on microglial proliferation and migration were abrogated following pharmacological inactivation of either CXCR4 or CXCR7. Moreover, treatment of cultured microglia with lipopolysaccharide resulted in the co-ordinated up-regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression. Likewise, reactive microglia accumulating in the area adjacent to the lesion core in MCAO rats expressed both CXCR4 and CXCR7. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 and CXCR7 form a functional receptor unit in microglial cells, which is up-regulated during activation of microglia both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lipfert
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Werner P, Vilia Z, Saur D, Patt M, Sattler B, Jochimsen T, Lobsien D, Then Bergh F, Dreyer A, Boltze J, Classen J, Hoffmann KT, Sabri O, Barthel H. Etablierung der kombinierten [15O]H2O-PET/MRT am Großtiermodell und bei Patienten mit (sub)akutem Schlaganfall. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Mueller B, Ahnert P, Burkhardt J, Brauer J, Czepezauer I, Quente E, Boltze J, Wilcke A, Kirsten H. Genetic risk variants for dyslexia on chromosome 18 in a German cohort. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13:350-6. [PMID: 24373531 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is characterized by impaired reading and spelling. The disorder has a prevalence of about 5% in Germany, and a strong hereditary component. Several loci are thought to be involved in the development of dyslexia. Scerri et al. identified eight potential dyslexia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven genes on chromosome 18 in an English-speaking population. Here, we present an association analysis that explores the relevance of these SNPs in a German population comprising 388 dyslexia cases and 364 control cases. In case-control analysis, three nominal SNP associations were replicated. The major alleles of NEDD4L-rs12606138 and NEDD4L-rs8094327 were risk associated [odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-1.7, P-value = 0.017 and OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.1-1.7, P-value = 0.007, respectively], and both SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium (r(2) = 0.95). For MYO5B-rs555879, the minor allele was risk associated (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6, P-value = 0.011). The combined analysis of SNP sets using set enrichment analysis revealed a study-wide significant association for three SNPs with susceptibility for dyslexia. In summary, our results substantiate genetic markers in NEDD4L and MYO5B as risk factors for dyslexia and provide first evidence that the relevance of these markers is not restricted to the English language.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mueller
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology
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5
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Tarner I, Werner F, Schimmelpfennig C, Deten A, Oelkrug C, Müller-Ladner U, Boltze J, Kranz A, Neumann E. SAT0039 In vivo fluorescence-imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activity and response to therapy in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Michalski D, Heindl M, Kacza J, Laignel F, Küppers-Tiedt L, Schneider D, Grosche J, Boltze J, Löhr M, Hobohm C, Härtig W. Spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental embolic stroke depending on treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and its combination with hyperbaric oxygenation. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e14. [PMID: 22688295 PMCID: PMC3428963 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following ischaemic stroke attracts high priority in current research, particularly using human-like models and long-term observation periods considering translational aspects. The present study aimed on the spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental thromboembolic stroke and addressed microglial and astroglial reactions in the ischaemic border zone. Further, effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as currently best treatment for stroke and the potentially neuroprotective co-administration of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) were investigated. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and were assigned to control, tPA or tPA+HBO. Twenty-four hours, 7, 14 and 28 days were determined as observation time points. The accumulation of macrophage-like cells was semiquantitatively assessed by CD68 staining in the ischaemic area and ischaemic border zone, and linked to the clinical course. CD11b, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) were applied to reveal delayed glial and neuronal alterations. In all groups, the accumulation of macrophage-like cells increased distinctly from 24 hours to 7 days post ischaemia. tPA+HBO tended to decrease macrophage-like cell accumulation at day 14 and 28. Overall, a trend towards an association of increased accumulation and pronounced reduction of the neurological deficit was found. Concerning delayed inflammatory reactions, an activation of microglia and astrocytes with co-occurring neuronal loss was observed on day 28. Thereby, astrogliosis was found circularly in contrast to microglial activation directly in the ischaemic area. This study supports previous data on long-lasting inflammatory processes following experimental stroke, and additionally provides region-specific details on glial reactions. The tendency towards a decreasing macrophage-like cell accumulation after tPA+HBO needs to be discussed critically since neuroprotective properties were recently ascribed to long-term inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Heindl
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig;,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | - J. Kacza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - F. Laignel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig;,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | | | | | - J. Grosche
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | - J. Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig;,Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - M. Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - C. Hobohm
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig
| | - W. Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
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7
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Michalski D, Heindl M, Kacza J, Laignel F, Küppers-Tiedt L, Schneider D, Grosche J, Boltze J, Löhr M, Hobohm C, Härtig W. Spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental embolic stroke depending on treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and its combination with hyperbaric oxygenation. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e14. [PMID: 22688295 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following ischaemic stroke attracts high priority in current research, particularly using human-like models and long-term observation periods considering translational aspects. The present study aimed on the spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental thromboembolic stroke and addressed microglial and astroglial reactions in the ischaemic border zone. Further, effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as currently best treatment for stroke and the potentially neuroprotective co-administration of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) were investigated. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and were assigned to control, tPA or tPA+HBO. Twenty-four hours, 7, 14 and 28 days were determined as observation time points. The accumulation of macrophage-like cells was semiquantitatively assessed by CD68 staining in the ischaemic area and ischaemic border zone, and linked to the clinical course. CD11b, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) were applied to reveal delayed glial and neuronal alterations. In all groups, the accumulation of macrophage-like cells increased distinctly from 24 hours to 7 days post ischaemia. tPA+HBO tended to decrease macrophage-like cell accumulation at day 14 and 28. Overall, a trend towards an association of increased accumulation and pronounced reduction of the neurological deficit was found. Concerning delayed inflammatory reactions, an activation of microglia and astrocytes with co-occurring neuronal loss was observed on day 28. Thereby, astrogliosis was found circularly in contrast to microglial activation directly in the ischaemic area. This study supports previous data on long-lasting inflammatory processes following experimental stroke, and additionally provides region-specific details on glial reactions. The tendency towards a decreasing macrophage-like cell accumulation after tPA+HBO needs to be discussed critically since neuroprotective properties were recently ascribed to long-term inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Yerebakan C, Niefeldt S, Klopsch C, Prietz S, Rebl A, Goldammer T, Boltze J, Sandica E, Steinhoff G. Regenerative Therapien für Kinderherzen. Z Herz- Thorax- Gefäßchir 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-011-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Lobsien D, Dreyer A, Boltze J, Hoffmann KT. Detektierbarkeit von eisenmarkierten Stammzellen mit suszeptibilitätsgewichteten und T2*-gewichteten Sequenzen im 3Tesla-MRT In vitro und in vivo im Schafmodell. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Yerebakan C, Niefeldt S, Prietz S, Klopsch C, Gäbel R, Kaminski A, Goldammer T, Rebl A, Zeisig V, Boltze J, Vollmar B, Ma N, Liebold A, Sandica E, Steinhoff G. Right ventricular diastolic performance is enhanced by intramyocardial Erythropoietin administration after surgically induced pressure overload. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1247044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Wilcke A, Weissfuss J, Kirsten H, Wolfram G, Boltze J, Ahnert P. The role of gene DCDC2 in German dyslexics. Ann Dyslexia 2009; 59:1-11. [PMID: 19238550 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-008-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a complex reading and writing disorder with a strong genetic component. In a German case-control cohort, we studied the influence of the suspected dyslexia-associated gene DCDC2. For the first time in a German cohort, we describe association of a 2445 basepair deletion, first identified in an American study. Evidence of association for three DCDC2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs807724, rs793862, rs807701), previously identified in German or American cohorts, was replicated. A haplotype of these polymorphisms showed evidence for association as well. Thus, our data further corroborate association of DCDC2 with dyslexia. Analysis of functional subgroups suggests association of investigated DCDC2 variants mainly with nondysphonetic, nonsevere, but probably dyseidetic (surface) dyslexia. Based on the presumed function of DCDC2, our findings point to a role of impaired neuronal migration in the etiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilcke
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Yerebakan C, Sandica E, Prietz S, Klopsch C, Kaminski A, Ugurlucan M, Boltze J, Peuster M, Liebold A, Steinhoff G. Right ventricular function profits from intramyocardial transplantation of autologous umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells in a novel model of chronic volume overload in sheep. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1191534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Yerebakan C, Klopsch C, Prietz S, Kaminski A, Boltze J, Liebold A, Steinhoff G, Sandica E. Pressure-volume loops: Feasible for the evaluation of right ventricular function in an experimental setting of acute pulmonary regurgitation? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1191687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Boltze J, Förschler A, Barthel H, Nitzsche B, Boltze C, Reischauer A, Hoffmann A, Sabri O, Emmrich F, Gille U. Reduktion von neurologischen Defiziten und Infarktgröße durch Gabe autologer Knochenmarkszellen nach experimentellem Schlaganfall im Schaf. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reich D, Hau S, Scholz M, Emmrich F, Kamprad M, Boltze J. Neuronal hypoxia: protective effects of mononuclear cord blood cells after direct and indirect application. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2007; 2:16. [PMID: 24692880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dm Reich
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology
| | - S Hau
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology
| | - M Scholz
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig
| | - F Emmrich
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology ; Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - M Kamprad
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - J Boltze
- Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology
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Abstract
PURPOSE With respect to the specific characteristic of rete mirabile epidurale rostrale in sheep, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of time of flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to observe vascular anatomy and to validate MCA occlusion in a new model of experimental focal cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in sheep (designed to study stroke therapy using autologous stem cells from umbilical cord blood). Furthermore, we wanted to assess the extent and natural time course of ischemic focal brain injury in sheep using functional and morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHOD 13 Merino sheep were examined. In 4 of the animals all, in 5 sheep 1 or 2 MCA branches were occluded and in 1 one case touched (sham operation). 4 controls did not undergo a surgical procedure. 23 MRI sessions were performed in 10 sheep. These sessions included T1, T2, T2* sequences, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and TOF MRA before and 2-46 days after the onset of stroke using a 1.5 T clinical MR scanner. Corrosion casts of the cerebral arteries of 3 sheep were prepared and compared to MRA. RESULTS The MRA visualized the vessel anatomy or occlusion distal to the rete mirabile. Anatomical variants concerning the variant origin of the MCA and inconstant arteria choroidea rostralis and communicans rostralis were revealed. Sheep with occluded left MCA showed space occupying lesions with a drop in ADC values. Depending on the number of preserved MCA branches (0; 1; 2), highly significant (p < 0.001) differences in lesion size (21 +/- 5.7; 13; 1.7 +/- 1.3 ml) could be found. No indication of ischemia but minimal contusion damage was observed in the sham operated animal. CONCLUSIONS In our study focal cerebral ischemia was generated in sheep and examined using MRI for the first time. Depending on the occlusion type, the model produced a reproducible lesion size. TOF-MRA proved to be able to clearly depict the anatomy, variants and occlusion type of cerebral arteries in sheep in a manner comparable to that of corrosion casts despite the upstream rete mirabile. MRI with MRA is a useful tool for assessing the extent of brain injury and the type of MCA occlusion and is therefore suitable for non-invasive monitoring of lesion development upon stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Förschler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig.
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