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Abstract
In the last decades, there is an increasing inclusion of various trace metals and metalloids such as thallium, tellurium and rare earth elements (REEs; lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium) in the composition and production of alloys, in agricultural and medicinal applications, as well as in the manufacturing of hi-tech products. All these activities have led to an accumulation of the aforementioned elements both in soil and water bodies and consequently in the food chain, through discharges from mining and mineral processing, liquid industrial waste or disposal of urban and industrial products. It has been demonstrated that chronic exposure to some of these elements, even at low doses, might lead to a wide range of adverse health effects, even from the early stages of life, such as neurotoxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity and hepatic alterations. Particularly in children, there have been studies suggesting that some of these elements might negatively affect the children's spatial learning and memory ability indirectly. Such effects are triggered by processes like the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and modulation of antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, the limited data from toxicological studies and their so-far naturally low occurrence levels in the environment acted as a deterrent in measuring their concentrations during routine analyses of metals in foodstuff. Thus, it is important to collect information on their occurrence data both in adults and in children's daily diet. This review sumrises the current knowledge on the concentration of these elements, in plant-based food products to identify whether a potential health risk occurs. As side projects, this Fellowship provided hands-on training on the evaluation of new biocides application and participation in the given advice to the Danish Food and Veterinary Administration, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the Danish Medical Agency and the European Chemicals Agency.
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Julshamn K, Lea P, Norli HS, Floren S, Furnes T, Grønningen D, Haugsnes J, Jensen A, Jensen AH, Jiang L, Karjalainen S, Kildahl BT, Kivikari R, Lathi J, Løvhøyden F, Palmadottir H, Rasmussen L, Riebe M, Sloth JJ, Wang-Andersen J. Determination of Sodium in Foods by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Microwave Digestion: NMKL Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.4.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nine laboratories participated in an interlaboratory method performance (collaborative) study of a method for the determination of sodium in foods by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion, using a microwave oven technique. Before the study, the laboratories were able to practice on samples with defined sodium levels (pretrial test). The method was tested on a total of 6 foods (broccoli, carrot, bread, saithe fillet, pork, and cheese) with sodium concentrations of 1480–8260 mg/kg. The materials were presented to the participants in the study as blind duplicates, and the participants were asked to perform single determinations for each sample. The repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) for sodium ranged from 1.9 to 6.5%. The reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 4.2 to 6.9%. The HorRat values ranged from 0.9 to 1.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaare Julshamn
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 176 Sentrum, N-5804 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Lea
- Matforsk AS, Norwegian Food Research Institute, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Hilde Skaar Norli
- Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, National Veterinary Institute, Department of Food and Feed Hygiene, PO Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Fiamegkos I, Cordeiro F, Robouch P, Vélez D, Devesa V, Raber G, Sloth JJ, Rasmussen RR, Llorente-Mirandes T, Lopez-Sanchez JF, Rubio R, Cubadda F, D'Amato M, Feldmann J, Raab A, Emteborg H, de la Calle MB. Accuracy of a method based on atomic absorption spectrometry to determine inorganic arsenic in food: Outcome of the collaborative trial IMEP-41. Food Chem 2016; 213:169-179. [PMID: 27451169 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative trial was conducted to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method for the quantification of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in food. The method is based on (i) solubilisation of the protein matrix with concentrated hydrochloric acid to denature proteins and allow the release of all arsenic species into solution, and (ii) subsequent extraction of the inorganic arsenic present in the acid medium using chloroform followed by back-extraction to acidic medium. The final detection and quantification is done by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS). The seven test items used in this exercise were reference materials covering a broad range of matrices: mussels, cabbage, seaweed (hijiki), fish protein, rice, wheat, mushrooms, with concentrations ranging from 0.074 to 7.55mgkg(-1). The relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 4.1 to 10.3%, while the relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 6.1 to 22.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fiamegkos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 111 Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - F Cordeiro
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 111 Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - P Robouch
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 111 Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - D Vélez
- Metal Contamination Laboratory (IATA-CSIC), Avd. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - V Devesa
- Metal Contamination Laboratory (IATA-CSIC), Avd. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Raber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J J Sloth
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Division of Food Chemistry, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - R R Rasmussen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Division of Food Chemistry, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - T Llorente-Mirandes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franque's 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J F Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franque's 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franque's 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Cubadda
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Health Institute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M D'Amato
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Health Institute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - J Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), University of Aberdeen, College of Physical Science, Chemistry, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - A Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory (TESLA), University of Aberdeen, College of Physical Science, Chemistry, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - H Emteborg
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 111 Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - M B de la Calle
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, 111 Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Hajeb P, Sloth JJ, Shakibazadeh S, Mahyudin NA, Afsah-Hejri L. Toxic Elements in Food: Occurrence, Binding, and Reduction Approaches. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:457-472. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Hajeb
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - J. J. Sloth
- National Food Inst; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19; DK-2860 Søborg Denmark
| | - Sh. Shakibazadeh
- Dept. of Aquaculture; Faculty of Agriculture; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - N. A. Mahyudin
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang; Selangor Malaysia
| | - L. Afsah-Hejri
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC); Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang; Selangor Malaysia
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de la Calle MB, Baer I, Robouch P, Cordeiro F, Emteborg H, Baxter MJ, Brereton N, Raber G, Velez D, Devesa V, Rubio R, Llorente-Mirandes T, Raab A, Feldmann J, Sloth JJ, Rasmussen RR, D'Amato M, Cubadda F. Is it possible to agree on a value for inorganic arsenic in food? The outcome of IMEP-112. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2475-88. [PMID: 22986988 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two of the core tasks of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Heavy Metals in Feed and Food (EU-RL-HM) are to provide advice to the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) on scientific matters and to organise proficiency tests among appointed National Reference Laboratories. This article presents the results of the 12th proficiency test organised by the EU-RL-HM (IMEP-112) that focused on the determination of total and inorganic arsenic in wheat, vegetable food and algae. The test items used in this exercise were: wheat sampled in a field with a high concentration of arsenic in the soil, spinach (SRM 1570a from NIST) and an algae candidate reference material. Participation in this exercise was open to laboratories from all around the world to be able to judge the state of the art of the determination of total and, more in particular, inorganic arsenic in several food commodities. Seventy-four laboratories from 31 countries registered to the exercise; 30 of them were European National Reference Laboratories. The assigned values for IMEP-112 were provided by a group of seven laboratories expert in the field of arsenic speciation analysis in food. Laboratory results were rated with z and ζ scores (zeta scores) in accordance with ISO 13528. Around 85 % of the participants performed satisfactorily for inorganic arsenic in vegetable food and 60 % did for inorganic arsenic in wheat, but only 20 % of the laboratories taking part in the exercise were able to report satisfactory results in the algae test material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B de la Calle
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg, Geel, Belgium.
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Molin M, Ulven SM, Dahl L, Telle-Hansen VH, Holck M, Skjegstad G, Ledsaak O, Sloth JJ, Goessler W, Oshaug A, Alexander J, Fliegel D, Ydersbond TA, Meltzer HM. Humans seem to produce arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinate after a bolus dose of seafood. Environ Res 2012; 112:28-39. [PMID: 22137101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is the predominant food source of several organoarsenic compounds. Some seafood species, like crustaceans and seaweed, also contain inorganic arsenic (iAs), a well-known toxicant. It is unclear whether human biotransformation of ingested organoarsenicals from seafood result in formation of arsenicals of health concern. The present controlled dietary study examined the urinary excretion of arsenic compounds (total arsenic (tAs), iAs, AB (arsenobetaine), dimethylarsinate (DMA) and methylarsonate (MA)) following ingestion of a single test meal of seafood (cod, 780 μg tAs, farmed salmon, 290 μg tAs or blue mussel, 690 μg tAs or potato (control, 110 μg tAs)) in 38 volunteers. The amount of ingested tAs excreted via the urine within 0-72 h varied significantly among the groups: Cod, 74% (52-92%), salmon 56% (46-82%), blue mussel 49% (37-78%), control 45% (30-60%). The estimated total urinary excretion of AB was higher than the amount of ingested AB in the blue mussel group (112%) and also ingestion of cod seemed to result in more AB, indicating possible endogenous formation of AB from other organoarsenicals. Excretion of iAs was lower than ingested (13-22% of the ingested iAs was excreted in the different groups). Although the ingested amount of iAs+DMA+MA was low for all seafood groups (1.2-4.5% of tAs ingested), the urinary DMA excretion was high in the blue mussel and salmon groups, counting for 25% and 11% of the excreted tAs respectively. In conclusion our data indicate a possible formation of AB as a result of biotransformation of other organic arsenicals. The considerable amount of DMA excreted is probably not only due to methylation of ingested iAs, but due to biotransformation of organoarsenicals making it an inappropriate biomarker of iAs exposure in populations with a high seafood intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molin
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. 4, St. Olavs Plass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway.
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Poulsen ME, Hansen HK, Sloth JJ, Christensen HB, Andersen JH. Survey of pesticide residues in table grapes: Determination of processing factors, intake and risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:886-95. [PMID: 17613076 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701245320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The differences in residue pattern between Italy and South Africa, the main exporters of table grapes to the Danish market, were investigated. The results showed no major differences with respect to the number of samples with residues, with residues being found in 54-78% of the samples. Exceedances of the European Union maximum residue limit (MRL) were found in five samples from Italy. A number of samples were rinsed to study the possible reduction of residues. For copper, iprodione, procymidone and dithiocarbamates a significant effect of rinsing was found (20-49% reduction of residues). However, no significant effect was found for organophosphorus pesticides and pyrethroids, whereas the number of samples with residues of benzilates, phenylamids and triazoles was insufficient to demonstrate any significant effects. An intake calculation showed that the average intake from Italian grapes was 3.9 microg day(-1) for pesticides and 21 microg day(-1) for copper. Correspondingly, the intakes from South African grapes were 2.6 and 5.7 microg day(-1), respectively. When the total exposure of pesticides from grapes were related to acceptable daily intake, expressed as the sum of Hazard Quotients, the exposure were approximately 0.5% for Italian samples and 1% for South African samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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