Performance and emission analysis on blends of diesel, restaurant yellow grease and n-pentanol in direct-injection diesel engine

Yellow grease from restaurants is typically waste cooking oil (WCO) free from suspended food particles with free fatty acid (FFA) content less than 15%. This study proposes an approach to formulate a renewable, eco-friendly fuel by recycling WCO with diesel (D) and n-pentanol (P) to improve fuel-spray characteristics. Three ternary blends (D50-WCO45-P5, D50-WCO40-P10 and D50-WCO30-P20) were selected based on the stability tests and prepared with an objective to substitute diesel by 50% with up to 45% recycled component (WCO) and up to 20% bio-component (n-pentanol) by volume. The fuel properties of these ternary blends were measured and compared. The emission impacts of these blends on a diesel engine were analysed in comparison with diesel and D50-WCO50 (50% of diesel + 50% of WCO) under naturally articulated and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) approaches. Doping of n-pentanol showed improved fuel properties when compared to D50-WCO50. Viscosity is reduced up to 45%. Cetane number and density were comparable to that of diesel. Addition of n-pentanol to D50-WCO50 presented improved brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for all ternary blends. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of D50-WCO30-P20 blend is comparable to diesel due to improved atomization. Smoke opacity reduced, HC emissions increased and CO emissions remained unchanged with doping n-pentanol in the WCO. NOx emission increases with increase in n-pentanol and remained lower than diesel and all load conditions. However, NOx can be decreased by up to threefold using EGR. By adopting this approach, WCO can be effectively reused as a clean energy source by negating environmental hazards before and after its use in diesel engines, instead of being dumped into sewers and landfills.

The effect of four different irrigating solutions on the shear bond strength of endodontic sealer to dentin - An In-vitro study

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the effect of EDTA, Maleic acid, Citric acid and MTAD Irrigating Solutions on the shear bond Strength of A-H plus sealer.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Forty mandibular single rooted premolar teeth with straight roots were taken, decoronated and instrumented using Protaper rotary instruments to size #F3, 0.09 taper, at the working length, with 3 mL of 2.6% sodium hypochlorite in between irrigation. The teeth were divided into 4 groups and final irrigation was done using NaOCl/EDTA:Group 1(Positive Control group); NaOCl/Maleic acid: Group2; NaOCl/Citric acid: Group 3; NaOCl/MTAD: Group 4. Obturation was done using Obtura II thermoplasticized technique with AH Plus sealer. Each root section was then subjected to a compressive load via a universal testing machine, to measure the push out bond strength.

RESULTS

The data was collected and submitted to statistical analysis by One way ANOVA test, and Group 2: NaOCl/Maleic acid showed greater bond strength (6.542+/_ 1.12 MPa) than other groups.

CONCLUSION

Removal of smear layer with Maleic acid as a final rinse enhanced the adhesive ability of A-H plus sealer, followed by EDTA, Citric acid and MTAD. A final rinse with MTAD might have a negative effect on the bonding ability of resin-based A-H plus sealer. How to cite the article: Ravikumar J, Bhavana V, Thatimatla C, Gajjarapu S, Reddy SG, Reddy BR. The effect of four different irrigating solutions on the shear bond strength of endodontic sealer to dentin - An In-vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(1):85-8.