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Samreth D, Arnavielhe S, Ingenrieth F, Bedbrook A, Onorato GL, Murray R, Almeida R, Mizani MA, Fonseca J, Costa E, Malva J, Morais-Almeida M, Pereira AM, Todo-Bom A, Menditto E, Stellato C, Ventura MT, Larenas-Linnemann D, Fuentes-Pérez JM, Huerta-Villalobos YR, Cruz AA, Stelmach R, da Silva J, Emuzyte R, Kvedariene V, Valiulis A, Annesi-Maesano I, Bosse I, Demoly P, Devillier P, Fontaine JF, Kuna P, Samolinski B, Klimek L, Mösges R, Pfaar O, Shamai S, Bewick M, Ryan D, Sheikh A, Anto JM, Cardona V, Mullol J, Valero A, Chavannes NH, Fokkens WJ, Reitsma S, Roller-Wirnsberger RE, Tomazic PV, Haahtela T, Toppila-Salmi S, Valovirta E, Makris M, Papadopoulos NG, Prokopakis EP, Psarros F, Gemicioğlu B, Yorgancioglu A, Bindslev-Jensen C, Eller E, Kull I, Wickman M, Bachert C, Hellings PW, Pugin B, Bosnic-Anticevich S, O'Hehir RE, Kolek V, Sova M, Wehner K, De Vries G, van Eerd M, Laune D, Wittmann J, Bousquet J, Poncelet P. Geolocation with respect to personal privacy for the Allergy Diary app - a MASK study. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:15. [PMID: 30061979 PMCID: PMC6048852 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel networK: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission's Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data.To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method. Methods Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization). Results Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58.5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users' life privacy. Discussion k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F Ingenrieth
- Selbstregulierung Informationswirtschaft eV, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Bedbrook
- MACVIA-France, Fondation partenariale FMC VIA-LR, Montpellier, France
| | - G L Onorato
- MACVIA-France, Fondation partenariale FMC VIA-LR, Montpellier, France
| | - R Murray
- MedScript Ltd, Dundalk, Co Louth, Ireland
| | - R Almeida
- 5Center for Health Technology and Services Research- CINTESIS, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; and Medina, Lda, Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Mizani
- 6Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Fonseca
- 5Center for Health Technology and Services Research- CINTESIS, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto; and Medina, Lda, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Costa
- 7UCIBIO, REQUINTE, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing of University of Porto (Porto4Ageing), Porto, Portugal
| | - J Malva
- 8Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, Ageing@Coimbra EIP-AHA Reference Site, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - A M Pereira
- 10Allergy Unit, CUF-Porto Hospital and Institute; Center for Research in Health Technologies and information systems CINTESIS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Todo-Bom
- 11Imunoalergologia Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Menditto
- 12CIRFF, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - C Stellato
- 13Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - M T Ventura
- 14Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - D Larenas-Linnemann
- 15Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Hospital Médica Sur, México City, Mexico
| | | | | | - A A Cruz
- 17ProAR - Nucleo de Excelencia em Asma, Brasil and WHO GARD Planning Group, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - R Stelmach
- 18Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital da Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J da Silva
- 19Department of Internal Medicine and Allergy Clinic of Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC Brazil
| | - R Emuzyte
- 20Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - V Kvedariene
- 21Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Valiulis
- 22Clinic of Children's Diseases, and Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Vilnius University Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP/UEMS-SP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- 24Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Department Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Medical School Saint Antoine, INSERM and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - I Bosse
- Allergist, La Rochelle, France
| | - P Demoly
- 26Department of Respiratory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - P Devillier
- 27UPRES EA220, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | | | - P Kuna
- 29Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - B Samolinski
- 30Samolinski. Department of Prevention of Envinronmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - R Mösges
- 32Institute of Medical Statistics, and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd, Hamburg, Germany
| | - O Pfaar
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany.,34Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Shamai
- 32Institute of Medical Statistics, and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Bewick
- iQ4U Consultants Ltd, London, UK
| | - D Ryan
- Woodbrook Medical Centre, Loughborough, UK.,37Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Sheikh
- 6Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Anto
- ISGlobAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,39IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,40CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,41Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Cardona
- 42S Allergologia, S Medicina Interna, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Mullol
- 43Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic; Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Valero
- 44Pneumology and Allergy Department CIBERES and Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N H Chavannes
- 45Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W J Fokkens
- 46Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Reitsma
- 46Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - P V Tomazic
- 48Department of ENT, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Haahtela
- 49Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Toppila-Salmi
- 49Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Valovirta
- 50Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Turku and Terveystalo allergy clinic, Turku, Finland
| | - M Makris
- 51Division of Infection, Immunity 1 Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,52Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N G Papadopoulos
- 51Division of Infection, Immunity 1 Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,52Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E P Prokopakis
- 53Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - F Psarros
- Allergy Department Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - B Gemicioğlu
- 55Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Yorgancioglu
- 56Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey and GARD Executive Committee, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - C Bindslev-Jensen
- 57Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - E Eller
- 57Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - I Kull
- 58Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wickman
- 59Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - C Bachert
- 60Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P W Hellings
- 61Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Univ Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,62Academic Medical Center, Univ of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Euforea, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - S Bosnic-Anticevich
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Glebe, NSW Australia
| | - R E O'Hehir
- 65Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.,66Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - V Kolek
- 67Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Sova
- 67Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - K Wehner
- 68Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G De Vries
- Peercode BV, Geldermalsen, The Netherlands
| | - M van Eerd
- Peercode BV, Geldermalsen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Wittmann
- Selbstregulierung Informationswirtschaft eV, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Bousquet
- Euforea, Brussels, Belgium.,70INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and chronic diseases Epidemiological and public health approaches, Villejuif, France.,Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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