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POTTER JESSICAL, MEIER ISABEL. Distanciation as a technology of control in the UK hostile environment. Crit Soc Policy 2024; 44:263-284. [PMID: 38510262 PMCID: PMC10948317 DOI: 10.1177/02610183231223952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This article considers how distanciation, understood as the active production of different forms of distance as a method of control, is used to manage people racialised and criminalised as migrants within the UK's hostile environment. Analysing different policies introduced under the hostile environment agenda, as well as the more recent New Plan for Immigration, we argue distanciation is a key tactic that shapes these policies and their implementation as well as offers us insight into changing forms of governing migration. Drawing on the analysis of a wide range of policy documents, the paper attends to different forms of distanciation used as a method of control within the UK's wider hostile environment and then presents the results of a case-study of how distanciation is mobilised within the English National Health Service, under the Migrant and Visitor Cost Recovery Programme in particular, which was introduced in 2014 to ensure the NHS receives 'a fair contribution' from people racialised as migrants. Addressing different forms of distanciation such as - spatial, legal and emotional - we argue that the lens of distance can offer insights into how detachment - increasing distance between different agents in immigration law and border enforcement is an intentional design to control empathy, solidarity and resistance. Tracing ways these forms of distanciation are designed into legislative and administrative measures helps us better understand how hostile environment policies work as well as locating agencies and possibilities of resistance within different spaces, agents and subjects of bordering.
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POTTER JL, McCLUSKEY RT, WEISSMANN G, THOMAS L. THE EFFECTS OF PAPAIN ON CARTILAGE IN VIVO: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PAPAIN PROTEASE FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 86:929-42. [PMID: 13737506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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RICHMOND J, ALEXANDER WR, POTTER JL, DUTHIE JJ. The nature of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis. V. Red Cell survival measured by radioactive chromium. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 20:133-7. [PMID: 13741356 PMCID: PMC1007196 DOI: 10.1136/ard.20.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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THOMAS L, McCLUSKEY RT, POTTER JL, WEISSMANN G. Comparison of the effects of papain n vitamin A on cartilage. I. The effects in rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 111:705-18. [PMID: 13776507 PMCID: PMC2137286 DOI: 10.1084/jem.111.5.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits has been shown to result in depletion of cartilage matrix. The normal basophilic, metachromatic, and Alcian blue staining properties of the matrix are lost, especially in articular and epiphyseal cartilage. The cartilage cells remain intact, but are reduced in size. These changes sometimes appeared as early as 48 hours after the initiation of daily injection of 1 million units of vitamin A, and were usually well established by 5 days. Some rabbits failed to show changes in cartilage, even after 5 daily injections. Increased amounts of material presumed to be chondroitin sulfate were present in the sera of vitamin A-treated rabbits, usually by 72 hours after the first injection. This was demonstrated by a turbidimetric procedure using hexamminecobaltic chloride. In rabbits given sulfur-35 (Na(2)S(35)O(4)) 5 days before the initiation of vitamin A treatment, it was shown that sulfur-35 was lost from articular and epiphyseal cartilage. This was associated with an increase in the non-dialyzable sulfur-35 in both serum and in the cobalt-precipitable material. These rabbits also excreted more sulfur-35 than rabbits not given vitamin A. There was a reduction in sulfur-35 activity in chondromucoprotein extracted from the ear cartilage of vitamin A-treated rabbits. The changes are interpreted as indicating that the administration of large amounts of vitamin A to rabbits results in removal of chondroitin sulfate from cartilage matrix. The administration of small amounts of crude papain causes histologic changes in cartilage that are remarkably similar to those seen in vitamin A-treated rabbits. The possibility is suggested that the changes in cartilage produced by administration of vitamin A to rabbits may be the result of activation of a proteolytic enzyme or enzymes, with properties similar to those of papain.
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POTTER JL, DUTHIE JJ. Effects of environmental temperature upon capillary resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other individuals. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 20:144-8. [PMID: 13737505 PMCID: PMC1007198 DOI: 10.1136/ard.20.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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POTTER JL, McCLUSKEY RT, WEISSMANN G, THOMAS L. The removal of cartilage matrix by papain. Factors affecting the distribution of crystalline papain in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 112:1173-94. [PMID: 13737507 PMCID: PMC2137314 DOI: 10.1084/jem.112.6.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In rabbits, the depletion of cartilage matrix which occurs following intravenous administration of papain treated with iodacetamide is attributable to a portion of the enzyme in the disulfide form which has not undergone alkylation. It is this portion that is reactivated in cartilage in vivo and initiates the enzymatic breakdown of the protein-polysaccharide complex which forms a major component of the matrix. Evidence presented in support of these conclusions indicates that, contrary to an earlier hypothesis, papain acetamide is not reactivated in vivo. Following intravenous injection in amounts up to 4 mg./kg., active and inactive papain leaves the circulation at a rate proportional to the concentration, and it is likely that the initial rate of disappearance represents equilibration with the extracellular space. Following injection in the active or inactive form, a high proportion of papain in serum is bound to protein in the alpha globulin fraction. It is believed that in the case of fully active papain, the proportion which is not bound to alpha globulin becomes attached to other proteins of serum in extracellular fluid, such as albumin, by a process of enzyme substrate combination, and is thus prevented from diffusing into cartilage. In the case of inactive papain, a comparable excess remains free to enter cartilage, where it initiates depletion of matrix following reactivation within the tissue. These conclusions provide an explanation for the failure of fully active papain to cause depletion of cartilage matrix in vivo; the widespread changes seen after the injection of papain inactivated by iodoacetamide or by simple reversible oxidation are attributable to a small proportion of the injected material which enters cartilage in the disulfide form in a concentration of approximately 2 micrograms/gm. wet weight. The possibility that such a small amount of protease, when reactivated, can produce changes in cartilage matrix has been confirmed by studies on the effects of papain on isolated cartilage and chondromucoprotein in vitro. It has been shown that severe local injury results when active papain is injected into the skin of a rabbit in low concentrations. Since a much higher concentration of papain can be attained in the circulation without obvious adverse effects, it is evident that binding of the protease by alpha globulin and possibly other serum proteins may exemplify a mechanism whereby the tissues are protected from injury following entry into the circulation of other potentially harmful agents, such as proteolytic enzymes derived from cells or bacteria.
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MCCLUSKEY RT, BENACERRAF B, POTTER JL, MILLER F. The pathologic effects of intravenously administered soluble antigen-antibody complexes. I. Passive serum sickness in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 111:181-94. [PMID: 13773804 PMCID: PMC2137254 DOI: 10.1084/jem.111.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intravenous administration to mice of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in antigen excess resulted in a high incidence of glomerulonephritis and less frequently in endocarditis or arteritis. These lesions are present within 48 hours of the first of 3 injections and disappear within 2 weeks. The same pathological changes were produced with complexes prepared from either rabbit or chicken antibody. In the case of rabbit antibody, the severity of the glomerulonephritis was greater with the ovalbumin antiovalbumin system than with the BSA system. Anaphylaxis regularly occurred in mice given complexes prepared from rabbit antibody, but was not seen following administration of complexes prepared from chicken antibody. Pretreatment with cortisone diminished the severity of the glomerulo-nephritis and resulted in accumulation of amorphous, eosinophilic material within glomerular capillaries in mice injected with antigen-antibody complexes. The rabbit antibody used in these experiments failed to sensitize guinea pig skin to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis when injected in the form of soluble complexes. This indicates that these complexes do not dissociate to a detectable extent in vivo and thus favors the interpretation that complexes localize as such in the sites where tissue damage occurs. Chicken anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody produced hemolysis of mouse red cells in the presence of mouse complement. In contrast to a similar rabbit anti-serum, the hemolytic activity of the chicken antibody with mouse complement was very slight. This suggests that complement does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of these experimental lesions.
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MCELLIGOTT TF, POTTER JL. Increased fixation of sulfur-35 by cartilage in vitro following depletion of the matrix by intravenous papain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 112:743-50. [PMID: 13773897 PMCID: PMC2137303 DOI: 10.1084/jem.112.5.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The uptake in vitro of sulfur-35 by costal cartilage obtained from nine rabbits 11 days after an intravenous injection of crude papain solution was compared with that in costal cartilage from eight normal untreated rabbits. An increased fixation of the isotope was found in treated animals compared with controls. The depletion of cartilage matrix by papain provided an experimental situation to test the hypothesis that the depletion of matrix which occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage can stimulate increased synthesis of chondroitin sulfate. The results give further support to the view that the primary lesion in osteoarthritis occurs in the matrix rather than in the chondrocyte of articular cartilage.
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MATTHEWS LW, SPECTOR S, LEMM J, POTTER JL. STUDIES ON PULMONARY SECRETIONS. I. THE OVER-ALL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PULMONARY SECRETIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS, BRONCHIECTASIS, AND LARYNGECTOMY. Am Rev Respir Dis 1996; 88:199-204. [PMID: 14045224 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1963.88.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Liver slices from seven terrestrial and six aquatic animals studied "activated" parathion, converting it to paraoxon, a potent anticholinesterase. Although there are similarities between the liver systems which activate parathion and which degrade drugs such as aminopyrine and phenacetin, liver slices of aquatic vertebrates can activate parathion but cannot degrade such drugs.
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MACKIEWICZ S, POTTER JL. IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY OF RHEUMATOID FACTOR MACROGLOBULIN. Bull Soc Amis Sci (Med) (Poznan) 1964; 13:3-12. [PMID: 14167454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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ALEXANDER WR, POTTER JL. THODAMINE-CONJUGATED PAPAIN AS A COUNTERSTAIN IN FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. Immunology 1963; 6:450-2. [PMID: 14069721 PMCID: PMC1423284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method of counterstaining unfixed tissue for fluorescence microscopy is described. The method depends upon the reaction of crude papain, labelled with a fluorescent dye, with nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents of tissue cells.
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POTTER JL, DUTHIE JJ, ALEXANDER WR. Impairment of 'enzyme-binding capacity' of serum in rheumatoid disease. Proc R Soc Med 1962; 55:111-3. [PMID: 14488292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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WOLFF BB, POTTER JL, VERMEER WL, McEWEN C. Quantitative measures of deep somatic pain: preliminary study with hypertonic saline. Clin Sci (Lond) 1961; 20:345-50. [PMID: 13786316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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MILLER F, BENACERRAF B, MCCLUSKEY RT, POTTER JL. Production of Acute Glomerulonephritis in Mice with Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes Prepared from Homologous Antibody. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1960; 104:706-9. [PMID: 13770758 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-104-25960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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FELIX F, POTTER JL, LASKOWSKI M. Action of venom phosphodiesterase on deoxyribooligonucleotides carrying a monoesterified phosphate on carbon 3'. J Biol Chem 1960; 235:1150-4. [PMID: 13822088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
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WEISSMANN G, POTTER JL, McCLUSKEY RT, SCHUBERT M. Turbidity produced by hexamminecobaltic chloride in serum of rabbits injected intravenously with papain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1959; 102:584-7. [PMID: 13843789 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-102-25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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POTTER JL, LASKOWSKI M. Concerning the specificity of streptococcal deoxyribonuclease (streptodornase). J Biol Chem 1959; 234:1263-7. [PMID: 13654359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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POTTER JL, LAURILA UR, LASKOWSKI M. Studies of the specificity of deoxyribonuclease I. I. Hydrolysis of a trinucleotide. J Biol Chem 1958; 233:915-6. [PMID: 13587514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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