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Ortiz de Zárate D, Serna S, Ponce-Alcántara S, García-Rupérez J. Evaluation of Mesoporous TiO 2 Layers as Glucose Optical Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5398. [PMID: 35891081 PMCID: PMC9316573 DOI: 10.3390/s22145398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are currently the basis of many optical sensors because of their ability to provide a higher interaction between the light and the analyte, directly within the optical structure. In this study, mesoporous TiO2 layers were fabricated using a bottom-up synthesis approach in order to develop optical sensing structures. In comparison with more typical top-down fabrication strategies where the bulk constitutive material is etched in order to obtain the required porous medium, the use of a bottom-up fabrication approach potentially allows increasing the interconnectivity of the pore network, hence improving the surface and depth homogeneity of the fabricated layer and reducing production costs by synthesizing the layers on a larger scale. The sensing performance of the fabricated mesoporous TiO2 layers was assessed by means of the measurement of several glucose dilutions in water, estimating a limit of detection even below 0.15 mg/mL (15 mg/dL). All of these advantages make this platform a very promising candidate for the development of low-cost and high-performance optical sensors.
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2
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Castelló-Pedrero L, Gómez-Gómez MI, García-Rupérez J, Griol A, Martínez A. Performance improvement of a silicon nitride ring resonator biosensor operated in the TM mode at 1310 nm. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:7244-7260. [PMID: 34858712 PMCID: PMC8606153 DOI: 10.1364/boe.437823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based ring resonators have been demonstrated to be a key element to build lab-on-chip devices due to their ability to perform as label-free photonic sensors. In this work, we demonstrate photonic biosensing using silicon nitride ring resonators operated in the TM mode around 1310 nm wavelengths. Our results show that operating the devices using the TM mode results in an increased sensitivity in comparison with the typically used TE mode, while working at 1310 nm wavelengths compared to 1550 nm contributes to an increased quality factor. As a result, a reduction in the intrinsic limit of detection is achieved, indicating the suitability of TM modes in the 1310 nm regime for biosensing using integrated photonics.
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3
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Torrijos-Morán L, García-Rupérez J. Design of slow-light-enhanced bimodal interferometers using dimensionality reduction techniques. Opt Express 2021; 29:33962-33975. [PMID: 34809196 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferometers usually require long paths for the ever-increasing requirements of high-performance operation, which hinders the miniaturization and integration of photonic circuits into very compact devices. Slow-light based interferometers provide interesting advantages in terms of both compactness and sensitivity, although their optimization is computationally costly and inefficient, due to the large number of parameters to be simultaneously designed. Here we propose the design of slow-light-enhanced bimodal interferometers by using principal component analysis to reduce the high-dimensional design space. A low-dimensional hyperplane containing all optimized designs is provided and investigated for changes in the silicon core and cladding refractive index. As a result, all-dielectric single-channel interferometers as modulators of only 33 µm2 footprint and sensors with 19.2 × 103 2πrad/RIU·cm sensitivity values are reported and validated by 2 different simulation methods. This work allows the design and optimization of slow light interferometers for different applications by considering several performance criteria, which can be extended to other photonic structures.
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4
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García-Rupérez J. Integrated nanophotonics - guiding molecular analysis out from the lab. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:995-997. [PMID: 34310261 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1960507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica De València, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Torrijos-Morán L, Griol A, García-Rupérez J. Slow light bimodal interferometry in one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 33446632 PMCID: PMC7809049 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strongly influenced by the advances in the semiconductor industry, the miniaturization and integration of optical circuits into smaller devices has stimulated considerable research efforts in recent decades. Among other structures, integrated interferometers play a prominent role in the development of photonic devices for on-chip applications ranging from optical communication networks to point-of-care analysis instruments. However, it has been a long-standing challenge to design extremely short interferometer schemes, as long interaction lengths are typically required for a complete modulation transition. Several approaches, including novel materials or sophisticated configurations, have been proposed to overcome some of these size limitations but at the expense of increasing fabrication complexity and cost. Here, we demonstrate for the first time slow light bimodal interferometric behaviour in an integrated single-channel one-dimensional photonic crystal. The proposed structure supports two electromagnetic modes of the same polarization that exhibit a large group velocity difference. Specifically, an over 20-fold reduction in the higher-order-mode group velocity is experimentally shown on a straightforward all-dielectric bimodal structure, leading to a remarkable optical path reduction compared to other conventional interferometers. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate the significant performance improvement provided by the proposed bimodal photonic crystal interferometer in the creation of an ultra-compact optical modulator and a highly sensitive photonic sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Torrijos-Morán
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Pastor-Navarro B, García-Flores M, Fernández-Serra A, Blanch-Tormo S, Martínez de Juan F, Martínez-Lapiedra C, Maia de Alcantara F, Peñalver JC, Cervera-Deval J, Rubio-Briones J, García-Rupérez J, López-Guerrero JA. A Tetra-Panel of Serum Circulating miRNAs for the Diagnosis of the Four Most Prevalent Tumor Types. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082783. [PMID: 32316350 PMCID: PMC7215589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clinically validate a series of circulating miRNAs that distinguish between the 4 most prevalent tumor types (lung cancer (LC); breast cancer (BC); colorectal cancer (CRC); and prostate cancer (PCa)) and healthy donors (HDs). A total of 18 miRNAs and 3 housekeeping miRNA genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR on RNA extracted from serum of cancer patients, 44 LC, 45 BC, 27 CRC, and 40 PCa, and on 45 HDs. The cancer detection performance of the miRNA expression levels was evaluated by studying the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves at univariate and multivariate levels. miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in all cancer types compared with HDs, with accuracy of 67.5% (p = 0.001) for all 4 tumor types and of 80.8% (p < 0.0001) when PCa cases were removed from the analysis. For each tumor type, a panel of miRNAs was defined that provided cancer-detection accuracies of 91%, 94%, 89%, and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, we have described a series of circulating miRNAs that define different tumor types with a very high diagnostic performance. These panels of miRNAs would constitute the basis of different approaches of cancer-detection systems for which clinical utility should be validated in prospective cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Pastor-Navarro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.-N.); (M.G.-F.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - María García-Flores
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.-N.); (M.G.-F.); (A.F.-S.)
- IVO-CIPF Joint Research Unit of Cancer, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Serra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.-N.); (M.G.-F.); (A.F.-S.)
- IVO-CIPF Joint Research Unit of Cancer, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Blanch-Tormo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Martínez de Juan
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (F.M.d.J.); (C.M.-L.); (F.M.d.A.)
| | - Carmen Martínez-Lapiedra
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (F.M.d.J.); (C.M.-L.); (F.M.d.A.)
| | - Fernanda Maia de Alcantara
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (F.M.d.J.); (C.M.-L.); (F.M.d.A.)
| | - Juan Carlos Peñalver
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Cervera-Deval
- Department of Radiology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Rubio-Briones
- Department of Urology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (B.P.-N.); (M.G.-F.); (A.F.-S.)
- IVO-CIPF Joint Research Unit of Cancer, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia ‘San Vicente Mártir’, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961114337; +34-961104039
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7
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Torrijos-Morán L, Griol A, García-Rupérez J. Experimental study of subwavelength grating bimodal waveguides as ultrasensitive interferometric sensors. Opt Lett 2019; 44:4702-4705. [PMID: 31568421 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the recent years, subwavelength grating (SWG) structures have increasingly attracted attention in the area of evanescent-field photonic sensors. In this Letter, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the real-time refractive index (RI) sensing using the SWG bimodal interferometric structures. Two different configurations are considered to compare the effect of the nonlinear phase shift, obtained between the two first transverse electromagnetic propagating modes, in the measured bulk sensitivity. Very high experimental values up to 2270 nm/RIU are reached, which perfectly match the numerical simulations and significantly enhance other existing SWG and spectral-based sensors. By measuring the spectral shift, the obtained experimental sensitivity does not depend on the sensor length. As a result, a highly sensitive and compact single-channel interferometer is experimentally validated for refractive index sensing, thus opening new paths in the field of optical integrated sensors.
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Ponce-Alcántara S, Martínez-Pérez P, Pérez-Márquez A, Maudes J, Murillo N, García-Rupérez J. Stabilization of Polymeric Nanofibers Layers for Use as Real-Time and In-Flow Photonic Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19183847. [PMID: 31489881 PMCID: PMC6767253 DOI: 10.3390/s19183847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the sensitivity of a sensor, the relationship between its volume and the surface available to be functionalized is of great importance. Accordingly, porous materials are becoming very relevant, because they have a notable surface-to-volume ratio. Moreover, they offer the possibility to infiltrate the target substances on them. Among other porous structures, polymeric nanofibers (NFs) layers fabricated by electrospinning have emerged as a very promising alternative to low-cost and easy-to-produce high-performance photonic sensors. However, experimental results show a spectrum drift when performing sensing measurements in real-time. That drift is responsible for a significant error when trying to determine the refractive index variation for a target solution, and, because of that, for the detection of the presence of certain analytes. In order to avoid that problem, different chemical and thermal treatments were studied. The best results were obtained for thermal steps at 190 °C during times between 3 and 5 h. As a result, spectrum drifts lower than 5 pm/min and sensitivities of 518 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) in the visible range of the spectrum were achieved in different electrospun NFs sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Ponce-Alcántara
- Nanophotonics Technology Center (NTC), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paula Martínez-Pérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center (NTC), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez-Márquez
- TECNALIA Research & Innovation, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Jon Maudes
- TECNALIA Research & Innovation, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Nieves Murillo
- TECNALIA Research & Innovation, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center (NTC), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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9
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Bañuls MJ, González-Martínez MÁ, Sabek J, García-Rupérez J, Maquieira Á. Thiol-click photochemistry for surface functionalization applied to optical biosensing. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:103-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Sabek J, Martínez-Pérez P, García-Rupérez J. Computational binding study of cardiac troponin I antibody towards cardiac versus skeletal troponin I. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:147-151. [PMID: 30959270 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A computational study of the interaction of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) with its specific antibody and of that antibody with skeletal troponin I (sTnI), the principal interferon of cTnI, is carried out. Computational and simulation tools such as FTSite, FTMap, FTDock and pyDock are used to determine the binding sites of these molecules and to study their interactions and molecular docking performance, allowing us to obtain relevant information related with the antigen-antibody interaction for each of the targets. In the context of the development of immunosensing platforms, this type of computational analysis allows performing a preliminary in-silico affinity study of the available bioreceptors for a better selection when moving to the experimental stage, with the subsequent saving in cost and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Sabek
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez-Pérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
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11
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Torrijos-Morán L, García-Rupérez J. Single-channel bimodal interferometric sensor using subwavelength structures. Opt Express 2019; 27:8168-8179. [PMID: 31052639 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel configuration of photonic sensors based on a single-channel bimodal interferometer is proposed. The design consists of a subwavelength grating (SWG) periodic structure supporting two dispersive TE-like modes that interfere at the output to create fringes in the transmission spectrum. Dispersion relations of the bimodal periodic structures have been computed in order to study the sensing performance, obtaining a theoretical bulk sensitivity of ~1300nm/RIU and a surface sensitivity of ~6.1nm/nm. Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis has been also carried out in order to confirm the previously obtained sensitivity results, thus showing a perfect agreement between theoretical modelling and simulation.
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12
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Gonçalves OSL, Wheeler G, Dalmay T, Dai H, Castro M, Castro P, García-Rupérez J, Ruiz-Tórtola Á, Griol A, Hurtado J, Bellieres L, Bañuls MJ, González D, López-Guerrero JA, Neves-Petersen MT. Detection of miRNA cancer biomarkers using light activated Molecular Beacons. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12766-12783. [PMID: 35515856 PMCID: PMC9063790 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer biomarkers can reduce cancer mortality rate. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs whose expression changes upon the onset of various types of cancer. Biosensors that specifically detect such biomarkers can be engineered and integrated into point-of-care devices (POC) using label-free detection, high sensibility and compactness. In this paper, a new engineered Molecular Beacon (MB) construct used to detect miRNAs is presented. Such a construct is immobilized onto biosensor surfaces in a covalent and spatially oriented way using the photonic technology Light Assisted Molecular Immobilization (LAMI). The construct consists of a Cy3 labelled MB covalently attached to a light-switchable peptide. One MB construct contains a poly-A sequence in its loop region while the other contains a sequence complementary to the cancer biomarker miRNA-21. The constructs have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and HPLC. LAMI led to the successful immobilization of the engineered constructs onto thiol functionalized optically flat quartz slides and Silicon on Insulator (SOI) sensor surfaces. The immobilized Cy3 labelled MB construct has been imaged using confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM). The bioavailability of the immobilized engineered MB biosensors was confirmed through specific hybridization with the Cy5 labelled complementary sequence and imaged by CFM and FRET. Hybridization kinetics have been monitored using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The label-free detection of miRNA-21 was also achieved by using integrated photonic sensing structures. The engineered light sensitive constructs can be immobilized onto thiol reactive surfaces and are currently being integrated in a POC device for the detection of cancer biomarkers. Photonic based detection strategies of cancer miRNA biomarkers after Light Assisted Molecular Immobilization (LAMI) of peptide-MB biosensor constructs.![]()
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13
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Martínez-Pérez P, García-Rupérez J. Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:677-683. [PMID: 30931209 PMCID: PMC6423561 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials have become one of the best options for the development of optical sensors, since they maximize the interaction between the optical field and the target substances, which boosts the sensitivity. In this work, we propose the use of a readily available mesoporous material for the development of such sensors: commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes. In order to demonstrate their utility for this purpose, we firstly characterized their optical response in the near-infrared range. This response is an interference fringe pattern, characteristic of a Fabry-Pérot interferometer, which is an optical device typically used for sensing purposes. Afterwards, several refractive index sensing experiments were performed by placing different concentrations of ethanol solution on the polycarbonate track-etched membranes. As a result, a sensitivity value of around 56 nm/RIU was obtained and the reusability of the substrate was demonstrated. These results pave the way for the development of optical porous sensors with such easily available mesoporous material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Pérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Sabek J, Díaz-Fernández FJ, Torrijos-Morán L, Díaz-Betancor Z, Maquieira Á, Bañuls MJ, Pinilla-Cienfuegos E, García-Rupérez J. Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:967-974. [PMID: 31165023 PMCID: PMC6541322 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A photonic bandgap (PBG) biosensor has been developed for the label-free detection of proteins. As the sensing in this type of structures is governed by the interaction between the evanescent field going into the cladding and the target analytes, scanning near-field optical microscopy has been used to characterize the profile of that evanescent field. The study confirms the strong exponential decrease of the signal as it goes into the cladding. This means that biorecognition events must occur as close to the PBG structure surface as possible in order to obtain the maximum sensing response. Within this context, the PBG biosensor has been biofunctionalized with half-antibodies specific to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using a UV-induced immobilization procedure. The use of half-antibodies allows one to reduce the thickness of the biorecognition volume down to ca. 2.5 nm, thus leading to a higher interaction with the evanescent field, as well as a proper orientation of their binding sites towards the target sample. Then, the biofunctionalized PBG biosensor has been used to perform a direct and real-time detection of the target BSA antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Sabek
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luis Torrijos-Morán
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Zeneida Díaz-Betancor
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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15
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Sabek J, Torrijos-Morán L, Griol A, Díaz Betancor Z, Bañuls Polo MJ, Maquieira Á, García-Rupérez J. Real Time Monitoring of a UV Light-Assisted Biofunctionalization Protocol Using a Nanophotonic Biosensor. Biosensors (Basel) 2018; 9:bios9010006. [PMID: 30598030 PMCID: PMC6468802 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the covalent biofunctionalization of silicon-based biosensors using a UV light-induced thiol–ene coupling (TEC) reaction has been developed. This biofunctionalization approach has been used to immobilize half antibodies (hIgG), which have been obtained by means of a tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduction at the hinge region, to the surface of a vinyl-activated silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonic sensing chip. The response of the sensing structures within the nanophotonic chip was monitored in real time during the biofunctionalization process, which has allowed us to confirm that the bioconjugation of the thiol-terminated bioreceptors onto the vinyl-activated sensing surface is only initiated upon UV light photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Sabek
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis Torrijos-Morán
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Zeneida Díaz Betancor
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María-José Bañuls Polo
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico IDM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Ruiz-Tórtola Á, Prats-Quílez F, González-Lucas D, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á, Wheeler G, Dalmay T, Griol A, Hurtado J, Bohlmann H, Götzen R, García-Rupérez J. Experimental study of the evanescent-wave photonic sensors response in presence of molecular beacon conformational changes. J Biophotonics 2018; 11:e201800030. [PMID: 29664230 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study of the influence of the conformational change suffered by molecular beacon (MB) probes-upon the biorecognition of nucleic acid target oligonucleotides over evanescent wave photonic sensors-is reported. To this end, high sensitivity photonic sensors based on silicon photonic bandgap (PBG) structures were used, where the MB probes were immobilized via their 5' termination. Those MBs incorporate a biotin moiety close to their 3' termination in order to selectively bind a streptavidin molecule to them. The different photonic sensing responses obtained toward the target oligonucleotide detection, when the streptavidin molecule was bound to the MB probes or not, demonstrate the conformational change suffered by the MB upon hybridization, which promotes the displacement of the streptavidin molecule away from the surface of the photonic sensing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ruiz-Tórtola
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Daniel González-Lucas
- Departamento de Química, IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Departamento de Química, IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química, IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guy Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helge Bohlmann
- microTEC Gesellschaft für Mikrotechnologie mbH, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Götzen
- microTEC Gesellschaft für Mikrotechnologie mbH, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Ruiz-Tórtola Á, Prats-Quílez F, González-Lucas D, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á, Wheeler G, Dalmay T, Griol A, Hurtado J, García-Rupérez J. High sensitivity and label-free oligonucleotides detection using photonic bandgap sensing structures biofunctionalized with molecular beacon probes. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:1717-1727. [PMID: 29675313 PMCID: PMC5905917 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A label-free sensor, based on the combination of silicon photonic bandgap (PBG) structures with immobilized molecular beacon (MB) probes, is experimentally developed. Complementary target oligonucleotides are specifically recognized through hybridization with the MB probes on the surface of the sensing structure. This combination of PBG sensing structures and MB probes demonstrates an extremely high sensitivity without the need for complex PCR-based amplification or labelling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ruiz-Tórtola
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Prats-Quílez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Lucas
- IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- IDM, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Guy Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Caroselli R, García Castelló J, Escorihuela J, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á, García-Rupérez J. Experimental Study of the Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies on Photonic Sensing Structures by Using Protein A as an Intermediate Layer. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18041012. [PMID: 29597326 PMCID: PMC5949038 DOI: 10.3390/s18041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A proper antibody immobilization on a biosensor is a crucial step in order to obtain a high sensitivity to be able to detect low target analyte concentrations. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the immobilization process of antibodies as bioreceptors on a photonic ring resonator sensor. A protein A intermediate layer was created on the sensor surface in order to obtain an oriented immobilization of the antibodies, which enhances the interaction with the target antigens to be detected. The anti-bovine serum albumin (antiBSA)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) pair was used as a model for our study. An opto-fluidic setup was developed in order to flow the different reagents and, simultaneously, to monitor in real-time the spectral response of the photonic sensing structure. The antiBSA immobilization and the BSA detection, their repeatability, and specificity were studied in different conditions of the sensor surface. Finally, an experimental limit of detection for BSA recognition of only 1 ng/mL was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Caroselli
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier García Castelló
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María José Bañuls
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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19
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Alonso R, Jiménez-Meneses P, García-Rupérez J, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á. Thiol–ene click chemistry towards easy microarraying of half-antibodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6144-6147. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UV light catalyses in a few seconds the thiol–ene coupling reaction between half-antibodies and vinyl functionalized surfaces, providing high performance microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alonso
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | - Pilar Jiménez-Meneses
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | | | - María-José Bañuls
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
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20
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Caroselli R, Ponce-Alcántara S, Quilez FP, Sánchez DM, Morán LT, Barres AG, Bellieres L, Bandarenka H, Girel K, Bondarenko V, García-Rupérez J. Experimental study of the sensitivity of a porous silicon ring resonator sensor using continuous in-flow measurements. Opt Express 2017; 25:31651-31659. [PMID: 29245836 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive photonic sensor based on a porous silicon ring resonator was developed and experimentally characterized. The photonic sensing structure was fabricated by exploiting a porous silicon double layer, where the top layer of a low porosity was used to form photonic elements by e-beam lithography and the bottom layer of a high porosity was used to confine light in the vertical direction. The sensing performance of the ring resonator sensor based on porous silicon was compared for the different resonances within the analyzed wavelength range both for transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations. We determined that a sensitivity up to 439 nm/RIU for low refractive index changes can be achieved depending on the optical field distribution given by each resonance/polarization.
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21
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González-Lucas D, Bañuls MJ, García-Rupérez J, Maquieira Á. Covalent attachment of biotinylated molecular beacons via thiol-ene coupling. A study on conformational changes upon hybridization and streptavidin binding. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Castelló JG, Toccafondo V, Escorihuela J, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira A, García-Rupérez J. Real-time observation of antigen-antibody association using a low-cost biosensing system based on photonic bandgap structures. Opt Lett 2012; 37:3684-3686. [PMID: 22940990 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we present experimental results of antibody detection using a biosensor based on photonic bandgap structures, which are interrogated using a power-based readout technique. This interrogation method allows a real-time monitoring of the association process between the antigen probes and the target antibodies, allowing the instantaneous observation of any interaction event between molecules. because etunable lasers and optical spectrum analyzers are avoided for the readout, a drastic reduction of the final cost of the platform is obtained. Furthermore, the performance of the biosensing system is significantly enhanced due to the large number of data values obtained per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Castelló
- NanophotonicsTechnology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Escorihuela J, Bañuls MJ, García Castelló J, Toccafondo V, García-Rupérez J, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Chemical silicon surface modification and bioreceptor attachment to develop competitive integrated photonic biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2831-40. [PMID: 22872294 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methodology for the functionalization of silicon-based materials employed for the development of photonic label-free nanobiosensors is reported. The studied functionalization based on organosilane chemistry allowed the direct attachment of biomolecules in a single step, maintaining their bioavailability. Using this immobilization approach in probe microarrays, successful specific detection of bacterial DNA is achieved, reaching hybridization sensitivities of 10 pM. The utility of the immobilization approach for the functionalization of label-free nanobiosensors based on photonic crystals and ring resonators was demonstrated using bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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24
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Castelló JG, Toccafondo V, Pérez-Millán P, Losilla NS, Cruz JL, Andrés MV, García-Rupérez J. Real-time and low-cost sensing technique based on photonic bandgap structures. Opt Lett 2011; 36:2707-2709. [PMID: 21765516 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the development of low-cost and high-sensitivity photonic biosensing devices is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this technique, a photonic bandgap structure is used as transducer, but its readout is performed by simply using a broadband source, an optical filter, and a power meter, without the need of obtaining the transmission spectrum of the structure; thus, a really low-cost system and real-time results are achieved. Experimental results show that it is possible to detect very low refractive index variations, achieving a detection limit below 2×10(-6) refractive index units using this low-cost measuring technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Castelló
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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25
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García-Rupérez J, Toccafondo V, Bañuls MJ, Castelló JG, Griol A, Peransi-Llopis S, Maquieira Á. Label-free antibody detection using band edge fringes in SOI planar photonic crystal waveguides in the slow-light regime. Opt Express 2010; 18:24276-24286. [PMID: 21164773 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.024276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental results of label-free anti-bovine serum albumin (anti-BSA) antibody detection using a SOI planar photonic crystal waveguide previously bio-functionalized with complementary BSA antigen probes. Sharp fringes appearing in the slow-light regime near the edge of the guided band are used to perform the sensing. We have modeled the presence of these band edge fringes and demonstrated the possibility of using them for sensing purposes by performing refractive index variations detection, achieving a sensitivity of 174.8 nm/RIU. Then, label-free anti-BSA biosensing experiments have been carried out, estimating a surface mass density detection limit below 2.1 pg/mm2 and a total mass detection limit below 0.2 fg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime García-Rupérez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain.
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26
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Toccafondo V, García-Rupérez J, Bañuls MJ, Griol A, Castelló JG, Peransi-Llopis S, Maquieira A. Single-strand DNA detection using a planar photonic-crystal-waveguide-based sensor. Opt Lett 2010; 35:3673-3675. [PMID: 21042387 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental demonstration of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) detection at room temperature using a photonic-crystal-waveguide-based optical sensor. The sensor surface was previously biofunctionalized with ssDNA probes to be used as specific target receptors. Our experiments showed that it is possible to detect these hybridization events using planar photonic-crystal structures, reaching an estimated detection limit as low as 19.8 nM for the detection of the complementary DNA strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Toccafondo
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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27
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Martínez A, Blasco J, Sanchis P, Galán JV, García-Rupérez J, Jordana E, Gautier P, Lebour Y, Hernández S, Guider R, Daldosso N, Garrido B, Fedeli JM, Pavesi L, Martí J, Spano R. Ultrafast all-optical switching in a silicon-nanocrystal-based silicon slot waveguide at telecom wavelengths. Nano Lett 2010; 10:1506-1511. [PMID: 20356059 DOI: 10.1021/nl9041017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally all-optical switching on a silicon chip at telecom wavelengths. The switching device comprises a compact ring resonator formed by horizontal silicon slot waveguides filled with highly nonlinear silicon nanocrystals in silica. When pumping at power levels about 100 mW using 10 ps pulses, more than 50% modulation depth is observed at the switch output. The switch performs about 1 order of magnitude faster than previous approaches on silicon and is fully fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center (NTC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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