1
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Hadyniak SE, Hagen JFD, Eldred KC, Brenerman B, Hussey KA, McCoy RC, Sauria MEG, Kuchenbecker JA, Reh T, Glass I, Neitz M, Neitz J, Taylor J, Johnston RJ. Retinoic acid signaling regulates spatiotemporal specification of human green and red cones. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002464. [PMID: 38206904 PMCID: PMC10783767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichromacy is unique to primates among placental mammals, enabled by blue (short/S), green (medium/M), and red (long/L) cones. In humans, great apes, and Old World monkeys, cones make a poorly understood choice between M and L cone subtype fates. To determine mechanisms specifying M and L cones, we developed an approach to visualize expression of the highly similar M- and L-opsin mRNAs. M-opsin was observed before L-opsin expression during early human eye development, suggesting that M cones are generated before L cones. In adult human tissue, the early-developing central retina contained a mix of M and L cones compared to the late-developing peripheral region, which contained a high proportion of L cones. Retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzymes are highly expressed early in retinal development. High RA signaling early was sufficient to promote M cone fate and suppress L cone fate in retinal organoids. Across a human population sample, natural variation in the ratios of M and L cone subtypes was associated with a noncoding polymorphism in the NR2F2 gene, a mediator of RA signaling. Our data suggest that RA promotes M cone fate early in development to generate the pattern of M and L cones across the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Hadyniak
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Joanna F. D. Hagen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Kiara C. Eldred
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - Boris Brenerman
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Katarzyna A. Hussey
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rajiv C. McCoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael E. G. Sauria
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - Thomas Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - Ian Glass
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington State, United States
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert J. Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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2
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Patterson SS, Girresch RJ, Mazzaferri MA, Bordt AS, Piñon-Teal WL, Jesse BD, Perera DCW, Schlepphorst MA, Kuchenbecker JA, Chuang AZ, Neitz J, Marshak DW, Ogilvie JM. Synaptic Origins of the Complex Receptive Field Structure in Primate Smooth Monostratified Retinal Ganglion Cells. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0280-23.2023. [PMID: 38290840 PMCID: PMC11078106 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0280-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in studying the receptive fields of the most common primate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, such as parasol RGCs. Much less is known about the rarer primate RGC types and the circuitry that gives rise to noncanonical receptive field structures. The goal of this study was to analyze synaptic inputs to smooth monostratified RGCs to determine the origins of their complex spatial receptive fields, which contain isolated regions of high sensitivity called "hotspots." Interestingly, smooth monostratified RGCs co-stratify with the well-studied parasol RGCs and are thus constrained to receiving input from bipolar and amacrine cells with processes sharing the same layer, raising the question of how their functional differences originate. Through 3D reconstructions of circuitry and synapses onto ON smooth monostratified and ON parasol RGCs from central macaque retina, we identified four distinct sampling strategies employed by smooth and parasol RGCs to extract diverse response properties from co-stratifying bipolar and amacrine cells. The two RGC types differed in the proportion of amacrine cell input, relative contributions of co-stratifying bipolar cell types, amount of synaptic input per bipolar cell, and spatial distribution of bipolar cell synapses. Our results indicate that the smooth RGC's complex receptive field structure arises through spatial asymmetries in excitatory bipolar cell input which formed several discrete clusters comparable with physiologically measured hotspots. Taken together, our results demonstrate how the striking differences between ON parasol and ON smooth monostratified RGCs arise from distinct strategies for sampling a common set of synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NewYork 14617
| | - Rebecca J Girresch
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Marcus A Mazzaferri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wendy L Piñon-Teal
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - Brett D Jesse
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
| | | | | | - James A Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - David W Marshak
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
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3
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Puska ML, Giarmarco MM, Neitz J, Neitz M, Kuchenbecker JA. Poster Session II: Non-degenerating double cone opsin knockout mouse model of blue cone monochromacy. J Vis 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 38109588 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ma et al. (2022) performed opsin gene therapy in a mouse model of blue cone monochromacy (BCM). Treatment was only effective for young animals because the retina degenerated, with a significant reduction in the number viable cones by 3 months. Their mouse was created by mating an Opn1mw knockout with a gene trap inserted in intron 2 of the Opn1mw gene, to an Opn1sw knockout with the neomycin resistance gene inserted in intron 3 of the Opn1sw gene. The Opn1mw knockout was reported as having "greatly reduced" M opsin expression, while the Opn1sw knockout was a severely hypomorphic allele. Their double opsin gene knockout (DKO) mouse is not a good model of BCM, which is typically a stationary disorder with no cone degeneration. We evaluated Opn1mw Opn1sw DKO mice for cone degeneration; these mice were created by Regeneron by deleting both genes using genome editing. Eyes of 1 year old DKO animals were processed for cryosections. Sections were immunostained using antibodies against a variety of cone proteins (S and M opsins, arrestin) and markers for retinal degeneration, then confocal imaged. Despite the absence of both cone opsins, cones remain viable and morphologically normal, and the retina shows no signs of degeneration at 1 year. This DKO mouse model will be a valuable tool for developing gene therapies targeting cone opsins, and also for understanding color vision circuitry in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
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4
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Neitz A, Rice A, Casiraghi L, Bussi IL, Buhr ED, Neitz M, Neitz J, de la Iglesia HO, Kuchenbecker JA. Toward an indoor lighting solution for social jet lag. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2649098. [PMID: 36993397 PMCID: PMC10055510 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2649098/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in developing artificial lighting that stimulates intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to entrain circadian rhythms to improve mood, sleep, and health. Efforts have focused on stimulating the intrinsic photopigment, melanopsin; however, recently, specialized color vision circuits have been elucidated in the primate retina that transmit blue-yellow cone-opponent signals to ipRGCs. We designed a light that stimulates color-opponent inputs to ipRGCs by temporally alternating short and longer wavelength components that strongly modulate short-wavelength sensitive (S) cones. Two-hour exposure to this S-cone modulating light produced an average circadian phase advance of one hour and twenty minutes in 6 subjects (mean age = 30 years) compared to no phase advance for the subjects after exposure to a 500-lux white light equated for melanopsin effectiveness. These results are promising for developing artificial lighting that is highly effective in controlling circadian rhythms by invisibly modulating cone-opponent circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Neitz
- Department of Biology and The Molecular and Cellular Biology
graduate program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alicia Rice
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Leandro Casiraghi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Ivana L. Bussi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Ethan D. Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, USA
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5
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Bordt AS, Patterson SS, Kuchenbecker JA, Mazzaferri MA, Yearick JN, Yang ER, Ogilvie JM, Neitz J, Marshak DW. Synaptic inputs to displaced intrinsically-photosensitive ganglion cells in macaque retina. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15160. [PMID: 36071126 PMCID: PMC9452553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglion cells are the projection neurons of the retina. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopigment melanopsin and also receive input from rods and cones via bipolar cells and amacrine cells. In primates, multiple types of ipRGCs have been identified. The ipRGCs with somas in the ganglion cell layer have been studied extensively, but less is known about those with somas in the inner nuclear layer, the "displaced" cells. To investigate their synaptic inputs, three sets of horizontal, ultrathin sections through central macaque retina were collected using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. One displaced ipRGC received nearly all of its excitatory inputs from ON bipolar cells and would therefore be expected to have ON responses to light. In each of the three volumes, there was also at least one cell that had a large soma in the inner nuclear layer, varicose axons and dendrites with a large diameter that formed large, extremely sparse arbor in the outermost stratum of the inner plexiform layer. They were identified as the displaced M1 type of ipRGCs based on this morphology and on the high density of granules in their somas. They received extensive input from amacrine cells, including the dopaminergic type. The vast majority of their excitatory inputs were from OFF bipolar cells, including two subtypes with extensive input from the primary rod pathway. They would be expected to have OFF responses to light stimuli below the threshold for melanopsin or soon after the offset of a light stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara S Patterson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joel N Yearick
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emma R Yang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David W Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Neitz M, Wagner-Schuman M, Rowlan JS, Kuchenbecker JA, Neitz J. Insight from OPN1LW Gene Haplotypes into the Cause and Prevention of Myopia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060942. [PMID: 35741704 PMCID: PMC9222437 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a global health problem of staggering proportions that has driven the hunt for environmental and genetic risk factors in hopes of gaining insight into the underlying mechanism and providing new avenues of intervention. Myopia is the dominant risk factor for leading causes of blindness, including myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment. The fundamental defect in myopia—an excessively elongated eyeball—causes blurry distance vision that is correctable with lenses or surgery, but the risk of blindness remains. Haplotypes of the long-wavelength and middle-wavelength cone opsin genes (OPN1LW and OPN1MW, respectively) that exhibit profound exon-3 skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing are associated with high myopia. Cone photoreceptors expressing these haplotypes are nearly devoid of photopigment. Conversely, cones in the same retina that express non-skipping haplotypes are relatively full of photopigment. We hypothesized that abnormal contrast signals arising from adjacent cones differing in photopigment content stimulate axial elongation, and spectacles that reduce contrast may significantly slow myopia progression. We tested for an association between spherical equivalent refraction and OPN1LW haplotype in males of European ancestry as determined by long-distance PCR and Sanger sequencing and identified OPN1LW exon 3 haplotypes that increase the risk of common myopia. We also evaluated the effects of contrast-reducing spectacles lenses on myopia progression in children. The work presented here provides new insight into the cause and prevention of myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jessica S. Rowlan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
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7
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Pandiyan VP, Jiang X, Kuchenbecker JA, Sabesan R. Reflective mirror-based line-scan adaptive optics OCT for imaging retinal structure and function. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:5865-5880. [PMID: 34692221 PMCID: PMC8515964 DOI: 10.1364/boe.436337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Line-scan OCT incorporated with adaptive optics (AO) offers high resolution, speed, and sensitivity for imaging retinal structure and function in vivo. Here, we introduce its implementation with reflective mirror-based afocal telescopes, optimized for imaging light-induced retinal activity (optoretinography) and weak retinal reflections at the cellular scale. A non-planar optical design was followed based on previous recommendations with key differences specific to a line-scan geometry. The three beam paths fundamental to an OCT system -illumination/sample, detection, and reference- were modeled in Zemax optical design software to yield theoretically diffraction-limited performance over a 2.2 deg. field-of-view and 1.5 D vergence range at the eye's pupil. The performance for imaging retinal structure was exemplified by cellular-scale visualization of retinal ganglion cells, macrophages, foveal cones, and rods in human observers. The performance for functional imaging was exemplified by resolving the light-evoked optical changes in foveal cone photoreceptors where the spatial resolution was sufficient for cone spectral classification at an eccentricity 0.3 deg. from the foveal center. This enabled the first in vivo demonstration of reduced S-cone (short-wavelength cone) density in the human foveola, thus far observed only in ex vivo histological preparations. Together, the feasibility for high resolution imaging of retinal structure and function demonstrated here holds significant potential for basic science and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - James A Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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8
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Bordt AS, Patterson SS, Girresch RJ, Perez D, Tseng L, Anderson JR, Mazzaferri MA, Kuchenbecker JA, Gonzales-Rojas R, Roland A, Tang C, Puller C, Chuang AZ, Ogilvie JM, Neitz J, Marshak DW. Synaptic inputs to broad thorny ganglion cells in macaque retina. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3098-3111. [PMID: 33843050 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In primates, broad thorny retinal ganglion cells are highly sensitive to small, moving stimuli. They have tortuous, fine dendrites with many short, spine-like branches that occupy three contiguous strata in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. The neural circuits that generate their responses to moving stimuli are not well-understood, and that was the goal of this study. A connectome from central macaque retina was generated by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, a broad thorny cell was reconstructed, and its synaptic inputs were analyzed. It received fewer than 2% of its inputs from both ON and OFF types of bipolar cells; the vast majority of its inputs were from amacrine cells. The presynaptic amacrine cells were reconstructed, and seven types were identified based on their characteristic morphology. Two types of narrow-field cells, knotty bistratified Type 1 and wavy multistratified Type 2, were identified. Two types of medium-field amacrine cells, ON starburst and spiny, were also presynaptic to the broad thorny cell. Three types of wide-field amacrine cells, wiry Type 2, stellate wavy, and semilunar Type 2, also made synapses onto the broad thorny cell. Physiological experiments using a macaque retinal preparation in vitro confirmed that broad thorny cells received robust excitatory input from both the ON and the OFF pathways. Given the paucity of bipolar cell inputs, it is likely that amacrine cells provided much of the excitatory input, in addition to inhibitory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara S Patterson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca J Girresch
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diego Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luke Tseng
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R Anderson
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Marcus A Mazzaferri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Roland
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charis Tang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Puller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David W Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Pandiyan VP, Maloney-Bertelli A, Kuchenbecker JA, Boyle KC, Ling T, Chen ZC, Park BH, Roorda A, Palanker D, Sabesan R. The optoretinogram reveals the primary steps of phototransduction in the living human eye. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/37/eabc1124. [PMID: 32917686 PMCID: PMC9222118 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors initiate vision by converting photons to electrical activity. The onset of the phototransduction cascade is marked by the isomerization of photopigments upon light capture. We revealed that the onset of phototransduction is accompanied by a rapid (<5 ms), nanometer-scale electromechanical deformation in individual human cone photoreceptors. Characterizing this biophysical phenomenon associated with phototransduction in vivo was enabled by high-speed phase-resolved optical coherence tomography in a line-field configuration that allowed sufficient spatiotemporal resolution to visualize the nanometer/millisecond-scale light-induced shape change in photoreceptors. The deformation was explained as the optical manifestation of electrical activity, caused due to rapid charge displacement following isomerization, resulting in changes of electrical potential and surface tension within the photoreceptor disc membranes. These all-optical recordings of light-induced activity in the human retina constitute an optoretinogram and hold remarkable potential to reveal the biophysical correlates of neural activity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin C Boyle
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tong Ling
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhijie Charles Chen
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B Hyle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Austin Roorda
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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10
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Pandiyan VP, Jiang X, Maloney-Bertelli A, Kuchenbecker JA, Sharma U, Sabesan R. High-speed adaptive optics line-scan OCT for cellular-resolution optoretinography. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:5274-5296. [PMID: 33014614 PMCID: PMC7510866 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Optoretinography-the non-invasive, optical imaging of light-induced functional activity in the retina-stands to provide a critical biomarker for testing the safety and efficacy of new therapies as well as their rapid translation to the clinic. Optical phase change in response to light, as readily accessible in phase-resolved OCT, offers a path towards all-optical imaging of retinal function. However, typical human eye motion adversely affects phase stability. In addition, recording fast light-induced retinal events necessitates high-speed acquisition. Here, we introduce a high-speed line-scan spectral domain OCT with adaptive optics (AO), aimed at volumetric imaging and phase-resolved acquisition of retinal responses to light. By virtue of parallel acquisition of an entire retinal cross-section (B-scan) in a single high-speed camera frame, depth-resolved tomograms at speeds up to 16 kHz were achieved with high sensitivity and phase stability. To optimize spectral and spatial resolution, an anamorphic detection paradigm was introduced, enabling improved light collection efficiency and signal roll-off compared to traditional methods. The benefits in speed, resolution and sensitivity were exemplified in imaging nanometer-millisecond scale light-induced optical path length changes in cone photoreceptor outer segments. With 660 nm stimuli, individual cone responses readily segregated into three clusters, corresponding to long, middle, and short-wavelength cones. Recording such optoretinograms on spatial scales ranging from individual cones, to 100 µm-wide retinal patches offers a robust and sensitive biomarker for cone function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aiden Maloney-Bertelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James A Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Utkarsh Sharma
- Catapult Sky LLC, 34116 Blue Heron Dr, Solon, OH 44139, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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11
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Patterson SS, Bordt AS, Girresch RJ, Linehan CM, Bauss J, Yeo E, Perez D, Tseng L, Navuluri S, Harris NB, Matthews C, Anderson JR, Kuchenbecker JA, Manookin MB, Ogilvie JM, Neitz J, Marshak DW. Wide-field amacrine cell inputs to ON parasol ganglion cells in macaque retina. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1588-1598. [PMID: 31845339 PMCID: PMC7153979 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parasol cells are one of the major types of primate retinal ganglion cells. The goal of this study was to describe the synaptic inputs that shape the light responses of the ON type of parasol cells, which are excited by increments in light intensity. A connectome from central macaque retina was generated by serial blockface scanning electron microscopy. Six neighboring ON parasol cells were reconstructed, and their synaptic inputs were analyzed. On average, they received 21% of their input from bipolar cells, excitatory local circuit neurons receiving input from cones. The majority of their input was from amacrine cells, local circuit neurons of the inner retina that are typically inhibitory. Their contributions to the neural circuit providing input to parasol cells are not well-understood, and the focus of this study was on the presynaptic wide-field amacrine cells, which provided 17% of the input to ON parasol cells. These are GABAergic amacrine cells with long, relatively straight dendrites, and sometimes also axons, that run in a single, narrow stratum of the inner plexiform layer. The presynaptic wide-field amacrine cells were reconstructed, and two types were identified based on their characteristic morphology. One presynaptic amacrine cell was identified as semilunar type 2, a polyaxonal cell that is electrically coupled to ON parasol cells. A second amacrine was identified as wiry type 2, a type known to be sensitive to motion. These inputs likely make ON parasol cells more sensitive to stimuli that are rapidly changing outside their classical receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Conor M Linehan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jacob Bauss
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Eunice Yeo
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Diego Perez
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Luke Tseng
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Sriram Navuluri
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicole B Harris
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Chaiss Matthews
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - James R Anderson
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Michael B Manookin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Judith M Ogilvie
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David W Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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12
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Patterson SS, Bordt AS, Girresch RJ, Linehan CM, Bauss J, Yeo E, Perez D, Tseng L, Navuluri S, Harris NB, Matthews C, Anderson JR, Kuchenbecker JA, Manookin MB, Ogilvie JM, Neitz J, Marshak DW. Cover Image, Volume 528, Issue 9. J Comp Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Neitz A, Jiang X, Kuchenbecker JA, Domdei N, Harmening W, Yan H, Yeonan-Kim J, Patterson SS, Neitz M, Neitz J, Coates DR, Sabesan R. Effect of cone spectral topography on chromatic detection sensitivity. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2020; 37:A244-A254. [PMID: 32400553 PMCID: PMC7231539 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.382384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and spectral topography of the cone mosaic set the limits for detection and discrimination of chromatic sinewave gratings. Here, we sought to compare the spatial characteristics of mechanisms mediating hue perception against those mediating chromatic detection in individuals with known spectral topography and with optical aberrations removed with adaptive optics. Chromatic detection sensitivity in general exceeded previous measurements and decreased monotonically for increasingly skewed cone spectral compositions. The spatial grain of hue perception was significantly coarser than chromatic detection, consistent with separate neural mechanisms for color vision operating at different spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Niklas Domdei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolf Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hongyi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jihyun Yeonan-Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sara S. Patterson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R. Coates
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Ramkumar Sabesan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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14
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Patterson SS, Kuchenbecker JA, Anderson JR, Neitz M, Neitz J. A Color Vision Circuit for Non-Image-Forming Vision in the Primate Retina. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1269-1274.e2. [PMID: 32084404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) synchronize our biological clocks with the external light/dark cycle [1]. In addition to photoentrainment, they mediate the effects of light experience as a central modulator of mood, learning, and health [2]. This makes a complete account of the circuity responsible for ipRGCs' light responses essential to understanding their diverse roles in our well-being. Considerable progress has been made in understanding ipRGCs' melanopsin-mediated responses in rodents [3-5]. However, in primates, ipRGCs also have a rare blue-OFF response mediated by an unknown short-wavelength-sensitive (S)-cone circuit [6]. Identifying this S-cone circuit is particularly important because ipRGCs mediate many of the wide-ranging effects of short-wavelength light on human biology. These effects are often attributed to melanopsin, but there is evidence for an S-cone contribution as well [7, 8]. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the S-OFF response is mediated by the S-ON pathway through inhibitory input from an undiscovered S-cone amacrine cell. Using serial electron microscopy in the macaque retina, we reconstructed the neurons and synapses of the S-cone connectome, revealing a novel inhibitory interneuron, an amacrine cell, receiving excitatory glutamatergic input exclusively from S-ON bipolar cells. This S-cone amacrine cell makes highly selective inhibitory synapses onto ipRGCs, resulting in a blue-OFF response. Identification of the S-cone amacrine cell provides the missing component of an evolutionarily ancient circuit using spectral information for non-image forming visual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | | | - James R Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98109, USA.
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15
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Jiang X, Kuchenbecker JA, Touch P, Sabesan R. Measuring and compensating for ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration. Optica 2019; 6:981-990. [PMID: 33614858 PMCID: PMC7894623 DOI: 10.1364/optica.6.000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the eye's optics and media introduce monochromatic and chromatic aberration unique to each individual. Once monochromatic aberrations are removed with adaptive optics (AO), longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) define the fidelity for multi-wavelength, high-resolution vision testing and retinal imaging. AO vision simulation systems and AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (AOSLOs) typically use the average population LCA to compensate for focus offsets between different wavelengths precluding fine, individualized control. The eye's LCA has been characterized extensively using either subjective (visual perception) or objective (imaging) methods. Classically, these have faced inconsistencies due to extraneous factors related to depth of focus, monochromatic aberration, and wavelength-dependent light interactions with retinal tissue. Here, we introduce a filter-based Badal LCA compensator that offers the flexibility to tune LCA for each individual eye and demonstrate its feasibility for vision testing and imaging using multiple wavelengths simultaneously. Incorporating the LCA compensator in an AOSLO allowed the first objective measurements of LCA based on confocal, multi-wavelength foveal cone images and its comparison to measures obtained subjectively. The objective LCA thus obtained was consistent with subjective estimates in the same individuals and hence resolves the prior discrepancies between them. Overall, the described approach will benefit applications in retinal imaging and vision testing where the focus of multiple wavelengths needs to be controlled independently and simultaneously.
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Patterson SS, Kuchenbecker JA, Anderson JR, Bordt AS, Marshak DW, Neitz M, Neitz J. An S-cone circuit for edge detection in the primate retina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11913. [PMID: 31417169 PMCID: PMC6695390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Midget retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most common RGC type in the primate retina. Their responses have been proposed to mediate both color and spatial vision, yet the specific links between midget RGC responses and visual perception are unclear. Previous research on the dual roles of midget RGCs has focused on those comparing long (L) vs. middle (M) wavelength sensitive cones. However, there is evidence for several other rare midget RGC subtypes receiving S-cone input, but their role in color and spatial vision is uncertain. Here, we confirm the existence of the single S-cone center OFF midget RGC circuit in the central retina of macaque monkey both structurally and functionally. We investigated the receptive field properties of the S-OFF midget circuit with single cell electrophysiology and 3D electron microscopy reconstructions of the upstream circuitry. Like the well-studied L vs. M midget RGCs, the S-OFF midget RGCs have a center-surround receptive field consistent with a role in spatial vision. While spectral opponency in a primate RGC is classically assumed to contribute to hue perception, a role supporting edge detection is more consistent with the S-OFF midget RGC receptive field structure and studies of hue perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Patterson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - James R Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Andrea S Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David W Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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17
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Hagen LA, Arnegard S, Kuchenbecker JA, Gilson SJ, Neitz M, Neitz J, Baraas RC. The association between L:M cone ratio, cone opsin genes and myopia susceptibility. Vision Res 2019; 162:20-28. [PMID: 31254532 PMCID: PMC7122956 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In syndromic forms of myopia caused by long (L) to middle (M) wavelength (L/M) interchange mutations, erroneous contrast signals from ON-bipolar cells activated by cones with different levels of opsin expression are suggested to make the eye susceptible to increased growth. This susceptibility is modulated by the L:M cone ratio. Here, we examined L and M opsin genes, L:M cone ratios and their association with common refractive errors in a population with low myopia prevalence. Cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry were obtained for Norwegian genetically-confirmed normal trichromats. L:M cone ratios were estimated from spectral sensitivity functions measured with full-field ERG, after adjusting for individual differences in the wavelength of peak absorption deduced from cone opsin genetics. Mean L:M cone ratios and the frequency of alanine at L opsin position 180 were higher in males than what has been reported in males in populations with high myopia prevalence. High L:M cone ratios in females were associated with lower degree of myopia, and myopia was more frequent in females who were heterozygous for L opsin exon 3 haplotypes than in those who were homozygous. The results suggest that the L:M cone ratio, combined with milder versions of L opsin gene polymorphisms, may play a role in common myopia. This may in part explain the low myopia prevalence in Norwegian adolescents and why myopia prevalence was higher in females who were heterozygous for the L opsin exon 3 haplotype, since females are twice as likely to have genetic polymorphisms carried on the X-chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene A Hagen
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Solveig Arnegard
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - James A Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Box 358058, 750 Republican Street, Building E Room, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Stuart J Gilson
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Box 358058, 750 Republican Street, Building E Room, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, Box 358058, 750 Republican Street, Building E Room, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway.
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Kuchenbecker JA, Patterson SS, Neitz M, Neitz J, Manookin MB. Spectral density curves of the human lens inaccurate due to increased Rayleigh scatter in post mortem eyes. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.8.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Neitz
- Ophthalmology, University of Washington
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19
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Patterson SS, Kuchenbecker JA, Doebley AL, Neitz M, Neitz J. The normal human visual system extracts about 1% of the hues possible from the L, M and S cones compared to a perfect hue encoder. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.8.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jay Neitz
- Ophthalmology, University of Washington
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20
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Neitz A, Jiang X, Kuchenbecker JA, Patterson SS, Doebley AL, Neitz M, Neitz J, Sabesan R. High acuity vision corrected for chromatic and monochromatic aberrations is associated with color discrimination without red-green or blue-yellow sensations. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.8.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay Neitz
- Ophthalmology University of Washington
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21
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Patterson S, Kuchenbecker JA, Bordt A, Anderson J, Marshak D, Manookin M, Neitz M, Neitz J. Differences between the S-OFF and L/M-OFF contacts inform the role of OFF midget bipolar cells in the perception of yellow. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.15.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Bordt
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center
| | | | - David Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center
| | | | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
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22
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Kuchenbecker JA, Patterson S, Neitz M, Neitz J. The best of both worlds: A Maxwellian view visual stimulator incorporating a DLP spatiotemporal light driver with a programmable tunable spectrum source for studying human color vision. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington
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23
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Greenwald SH, Kuchenbecker JA, Rowlan JS, Neitz J, Neitz M. Role of a Dual Splicing and Amino Acid Code in Myopia, Cone Dysfunction and Cone Dystrophy Associated with L/ M Opsin Interchange Mutations. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:2. [PMID: 28516000 PMCID: PMC5433808 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human long (L) and middle (M) wavelength cone opsin genes are highly variable due to intermixing. Two L/M cone opsin interchange mutants, designated LIAVA and LVAVA, are associated with clinical diagnoses, including red-green color vision deficiency, blue cone monochromacy, cone degeneration, myopia, and Bornholm Eye Disease. Because the protein and splicing codes are carried by the same nucleotides, intermixing L and M genes can cause disease by affecting protein structure and splicing. METHODS Genetically engineered mice were created to allow investigation of the consequences of altered protein structure alone, and the effects on cone morphology were examined using immunohistochemistry. In humans and mice, cone function was evaluated using the electroretinogram (ERG) under L/M- or short (S) wavelength cone isolating conditions. Effects of LIAVA and LVAVA genes on splicing were evaluated using a minigene assay. RESULTS ERGs and histology in mice revealed protein toxicity for the LVAVA but not for the LIAVA opsin. Minigene assays showed that the dominant messenger RNA (mRNA) was aberrantly spliced for both variants; however, the LVAVA gene produced a small but significant amount of full-length mRNA and LVAVA subjects had correspondingly reduced ERG amplitudes. In contrast, the LIAVA subject had no L/M cone ERG. CONCLUSIONS Dramatic differences in phenotype can result from seemingly minor differences in genotype through divergent effects on the dual amino acid and splicing codes. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The mechanism by which individual mutations contribute to clinical phenotypes provides valuable information for diagnosis and prognosis of vision disorders associated with L/M interchange mutations, and it informs strategies for developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Greenwald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jessica S Rowlan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Pauers MJ, Kuchenbecker JA, Joneson SL, Neitz J. Correlated Evolution of Short Wavelength Sensitive Photoreceptor Sensitivity and Color Pattern in Lake Malawi Cichlids. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Kuchenbecker JA, Greenwald SH, Neitz M, Neitz J. Cone-isolating ON-OFF electroretinogram for studying chromatic pathways in the retina. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:A208-A213. [PMID: 24695171 PMCID: PMC4143118 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.00a208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electroretinogram (ERG) provides information about outer retina function in both clinical and research applications. ERG components elicited by light increments and decrements can be separated using a long-flash paradigm in which periods of light ON and OFF are alternated. Here, the ON-OFF ERG is combined with a silent substitution technique to elicit responses from individual cone photoreceptor classes by modulating the intensities of three color lights between the two periods. The results focus on the short wavelength (S) cone pathways since they are vulnerable to disease and because there are many unanswered questions about S-cone ON and OFF circuitry.
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Abstract
The discovery of melanopsin, the non-visual opsin present in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), has created great excitement in the field of circadian biology. Now, researchers have emphasized melanopsin as the main photopigment governing circadian activity in vertebrates. Circadian biologists have tested this idea under standard laboratory, 12h Light: 12h Dark, lighting conditions that lack the dramatic daily colour changes of natural skylight. Here we used a stimulus paradigm in which the colour of the illumination changed throughout the day, thus mimicking natural skylight, but luminance, sensed intrinsically by melanopsin containing ganglion cells, was kept constant. We show in two species of cichlid, Aequidens pulcher and Labeotropheus fuelleborni, that changes in light colour, not intensity, are the primary determinants of natural circadian activity. Moreover, opponent-cone photoreceptor inputs to ipRGCs mediate the sensation of wavelength change, and not the intrinsic photopigment, melanopsin. These results have implications for understanding the evolutionary biology of non-visual photosensory pathways and answer long-standing questions about the nature and distribution of photopigments in organisms, including providing a solution to the mystery of why nocturnal animals routinely have mutations that interrupt the function of their short wavelength sensitive photopigment gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pauers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medical School, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
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27
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Mancuso K, Mauck MC, Kuchenbecker JA, Neitz M, Neitz J. A multi-stage color model revisited: implications for a gene therapy cure for red-green colorblindness. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 664:631-8. [PMID: 20238067 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In 1993, DeValois and DeValois proposed a 'multi-stage color model' to explain how the cortex is ultimately able to deconfound the responses of neurons receiving input from three cone types in order to produce separate red-green and blue-yellow systems, as well as segregate luminance percepts (black-white) from color. This model extended the biological implementation of Hurvich and Jameson's Opponent-Process Theory of color vision, a two-stage model encompassing the three cone types combined in a later opponent organization, which has been the accepted dogma in color vision. DeValois' model attempts to satisfy the long-remaining question of how the visual system separates luminance information from color, but what are the cellular mechanisms that establish the complicated neural wiring and higher-order operations required by the Multi-stage Model? During the last decade and a half, results from molecular biology have shed new light on the evolution of primate color vision, thus constraining the possibilities for the visual circuits. The evolutionary constraints allow for an extension of DeValois' model that is more explicit about the biology of color vision circuitry, and it predicts that human red-green colorblindness can be cured using a retinal gene therapy approach to add the missing photopigment, without any additional changes to the post-synaptic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mancuso
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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