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Southwell JW, Herman R, Raines DJ, Clarke JE, Böswald I, Dreher T, Gutenthaler SM, Schubert N, Seefeldt J, Metzler‐Nolte N, Thomas GH, Wilson KS, Duhme‐Klair A. Siderophore-Linked Ruthenium Catalysts for Targeted Allyl Ester Prodrug Activation within Bacterial Cells. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202536. [PMID: 36355416 PMCID: PMC10108276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to rising resistance, new antibacterial strategies are needed, including methods for targeted antibiotic release. As targeting vectors, chelating molecules called siderophores that are released by bacteria to acquire iron have been investigated for conjugation to antibacterials, leading to the clinically approved drug cefiderocol. The use of small-molecule catalysts for prodrug activation within cells has shown promise in recent years, and here we investigate siderophore-linked ruthenium catalysts for the activation of antibacterial prodrugs within cells. Moxifloxacin-based prodrugs were synthesised, and their catalyst-mediated activation was demonstrated under anaerobic, biologically relevant conditions. In the absence of catalyst, decreased antibacterial activities were observed compared to moxifloxacin versus Escherichia coli K12 (BW25113). A series of siderophore-linked ruthenium catalysts were investigated for prodrug activation, all of which displayed a combinative antibacterial effect with the prodrug, whereas a representative example displayed little toxicity against mammalian cell lines. By employing complementary bacterial growth assays, conjugates containing siderophore units based on catechol and azotochelin were found to be most promising for intracellular prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reyme Herman
- University of YorkDepartment of BiologyHeslingtonWentworth WayYO10 5DDUK
| | - Daniel J. Raines
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Justin E. Clarke
- University of YorkYork Structural Biology LaboratoryHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Isabelle Böswald
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Thorsten Dreher
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Nicole Schubert
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Jana Seefeldt
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Nils Metzler‐Nolte
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- University of YorkDepartment of BiologyHeslingtonWentworth WayYO10 5DDUK
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- University of YorkYork Structural Biology LaboratoryHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
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Southwell JW, Black CM, Duhme-Klair AK. Experimental Methods for Evaluating the Bacterial Uptake of Trojan Horse Antibacterials. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:1063-1076. [PMID: 33238066 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of antibacterial siderophore conjugates, referred to as Trojan Horse antibacterials, has received increasing attention in recent years, driven by the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Trojan Horse antibacterials offer an opportunity to exploit the specific pathways present in bacteria for active iron uptake, potentially allowing the drugs to bypass membrane-associated resistance mechanisms. Hence, the Trojan Horse approach might enable the redesigning of old antibiotics and the development of antibacterials that target specific pathogens. Critical parts of evaluating such Trojan Horse antibacterials and improving their design are the quantification of their bacterial uptake and the identification of the pathways by which this occurs. In this minireview, we highlight a selection of the biological and chemical methods used to study the uptake of Trojan Horse antibacterials, exemplified with case studies, some of which have led to drug candidates in clinical development or approved antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Conor M Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
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Sanderson TJ, Black CM, Southwell JW, Wilde EJ, Pandey A, Herman R, Thomas GH, Boros E, Duhme-Klair AK, Routledge A. A Salmochelin S4-Inspired Ciprofloxacin Trojan Horse Conjugate. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2532-2541. [PMID: 32786274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel ciprofloxacin-siderophore Trojan Horse antimicrobial was prepared by incorporating key design features of salmochelin, a stealth siderophore that evades mammalian siderocalin capture via its glycosylated catechol units. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the conjugate revealed that attachment of the salmochelin mimic resulted in decreased potency, compared to ciprofloxacin, against two Escherichia coli strains, K12 and Nissle 1917, in both iron replete and deplete conditions. This observation could be attributed to a combination of reduced DNA gyrase inhibition, as confirmed by in vitro DNA gyrase assays, and reduced bacterial uptake. Uptake was monitored using radiolabeling with iron-mimetic 67Ga3+, which revealed limited cellular uptake in E. coli K12. In contrast, previously reported staphyloferrin-based conjugates displayed a measurable uptake in analogous 67Ga3+ labeling studies. These results suggest that, in the design of Trojan Horse antimicrobials, the choice of siderophore and the nature and length of the linker remain a significant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Conor M. Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ellis J. Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Reyme Herman
- Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD,United Kingdom
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD,United Kingdom
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | | | - Anne Routledge
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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