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Brockmeyer M, Wies E, Joerges J, Sommer J, Borgmann SO, Chernyak N, Lin Y, Parco C, Schulze V, Heinen Y, Kelm M, Icks A, Perings S, Wolff G. Knowledge of HbA1c and LDL-C treatment goals, subjective level of disease-related information and information needs in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2022; 46:223-231. [PMID: 36448416 PMCID: PMC9933116 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/HYPOTHESIS Risk factor control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and especially dyslipidemia remains unsatisfactory in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We aimed to analyze the knowledge of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) treatment goals, subjective level of information, and information needs in very high-risk patients with ASCVD. METHODS ASCVD patients (n = 210; 75 ± 9 years; 71.4% male; 89.5% coronary disease) with DM (96.7% type 2) completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge of HbA1c and LDL-C treatment goals and subjective level of information and information needs on disease-related topics of DM and ASCVD. Serum LDL-C and HbA1c were measured. RESULTS HbA1c goal (<7.0% in 60.6%) was attained more frequently than LDL-C goal (<70 mg/dl in 39.9%; p < .01). Significantly more participants named the correct goal for HbA1c compared to LDL-C (52.9% vs. 2.4%; p < .01). Subjective levels of information were higher and information needs were lower for DM than for ASCVD (p < .01 for all topics). No associations of knowledge of treatment goals and level of information with the attainment of treatment goals for HbA1c and LDL-C were found. However, in multivariate regression, higher levels of education were associated with knowledge of treatment goals (HbA1c: odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.72, p = .04; LDL-C: OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.07-5.03; p = .03). CONCLUSION In very high-risk patients with ASCVD, a deficit of knowledge of treatment goals to control dyslipidemia exists when compared to DM, patients felt significantly better informed for topics of DM than for ASCVD and display higher information needs for topics of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brockmeyer
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Emilia Wies
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jamuna Joerges
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jana Sommer
- Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München‐NeuherbergGermany,Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sandra Olivia Borgmann
- Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München‐NeuherbergGermany,Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nadja Chernyak
- Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München‐NeuherbergGermany,Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Yingfeng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Claudio Parco
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Volker Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Yvonne Heinen
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,CARID – Cardiovascular Research InstituteDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andrea Icks
- Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München‐NeuherbergGermany,Institute for Health Services Research and Health Economics, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Stefan Perings
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Georg Wolff
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineMedical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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Galizia CG, Küttner A, Joerges J, Menzel R. Odour representation in honeybee olfactory glomeruli shows slow temporal dynamics: an optical recording study using a voltage-sensitive dye. J Insect Physiol 2000; 46:877-886. [PMID: 10802099 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation with odours has been shown to elicit characteristic patterns of activated glomeruli in the antennal lobe (AL) of honeybees. In this study we show that these patterns are dynamic in a time window of 2-3 s after stimulus onset. We measured changes in the averaged membrane potential of all cells in the glomerular neuropil by optical imaging of the voltage-sensitive dye RH795 using a slow scan CCD camera (3 frames/s). The four substances 1-hexanol, hexanal, citral and clove-oil as well as the binary mixtures hexanol+hexanal and hexanol+citral were used as stimuli (2 s stimulus duration). We found that: (1) every odour elicited an odour-specific activity pattern, and conversely every glomerulus had a characteristic odour response profile; (2) some glomeruli had a tonic, some a phasic-tonic, and some a slow phasic response pattern; (3) the difference between the glomerular response patterns increased within 2 s of stimulus presentation, which suggests that odour representations became more characteristic over stimulus time; and (4) the responses to odorant mixtures were complex and glomerulus-dependent: some responses correspond to the sum of the compounds' responses, some to the response of one of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- CG Galizia
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin Luise Str. 28-30, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Recording brain activity in vivo during learning is fundamental to understanding how memories are formed. We used functional calcium imaging to track odor representations in the primary chemosensory center of the honeybee, the antennal lobe, while training animals to discriminate a rewarded odor from an unrewarded one. Our results show that associative learning transforms odor representations and decorrelates activity patterns for the rewarded versus the unrewarded odor, making them less similar. Additionally, activity for the rewarded but not for the unrewarded odor is increased. These results indicate that neural representations of the environment may be modified through associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Faber
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The present state of the art to record or mimic electronically the human senses of olfaction and taste is characterized. In this part I, an introduction to our present understanding in the development of electronic and bioelectronic noses is given. Finally the natural olfactory system is described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Göpel
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Germany.
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Menzel R, Geiger K, Joerges J, MULLER U, Chittka L. Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired vector memories. Anim Behav 1998; 55:139-52. [PMID: 9480680 DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1997.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether bees can take novel short cuts between familiar sites has been central to the discussion about the existence of cognitive maps in these insects. The failure of bees to show this capacity in the majority of previous studies may be a result of the training procedure, because extensive training to one feeding site may have eliminated or weakened memories for other sites that were previously trained. Here we present a novel approach to this problem, by rewarding honey bees, Apis mellifera carnica, at two feeding sites, one (Sm, 630 m southeast from the hive) at which they could feed in the morning, and the other (Sa, 790 m northeast) at which they could feed in the afternoon. We then displaced bees to Sa in the morning and to Sm in the afternoon either from the other feeding site or from the hive. Bees were also displaced to two novel sites, one at a completely unfamiliar location (S4) and another that was located halfway between the two feeding sites (S3). Bees displaced from either of the feeding sites never took novel short cuts; instead, they used the homeward directions that would have been correct had they not been displaced. Bees caught at the hive entrance, however, chose the correct homeward direction not only when displaced to both feeding sites, but also when displaced to S3, although not from S4. Control bees that had been trained to only one of the feeding sites were not able to travel directly home from S3 excluding the possibility that bees used landmarks close to the hive. This is the first evidence that bees take a novel short cut by activating two vector memories simultaneously. The potential mechanisms of integrating the two memories are discussed. Since bees took novel short cuts in only one direction (to the hive) and only when displaced from the hive (not the feeders), we conclude that inference of a cognitive map in bees would be premature. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Menzel
- Institut fur Neurobiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin
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Abstract
We describe a method for optically recording neuronal activity from an intact insect brain, upon natural sensory stimulation. In this preparation, the head capsule of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, is isolated from the body while leaving the entire brain undamaged. In short, a hole is first cut into the cuticule to allow optical access to the brain and to allow the removal of tracheae and glands. Then the head is cut free and placed into a dye-loaded and cooled ringer solution in a staining chamber for 1 h. Subsequently, the head is fixed in a recording chamber, covered with a cover-slip, and imaged under the microscope with a cooled CCD camera. The whole preparation leaves the antennae dry, free to move, and functional throughout the experiment, allowing for natural odour stimulation of the olfactory system. Using calcium sensitive or potential sensitive dyes (calcium-green or RH795), we could record the processing of olfactory information at the glomerular level in the antennal lobe of the bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Galizia
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Navigation in honeybees is discussed against the background of the types of memories employed in the navigational task. Two questions are addressed. Do bees have goal-specific expectations, and when are novel routes travelled? Expectations are deduced from (1) context stimuli as determinants for local cue memories, (2) landmark-dependent path integration, (3) sequential learning of landmarks, and (4) motivation- and context-dependent memory retrieval. Novel routes are travelled under two conditions: (1) goal-cue-based piloting and (2) integration of simultaneously activated vector memories. Our data do not support the conclusion that memory integration in bees is organised by a cognitive map. The assumption of purely separate memories that are only retrieved according to the chain of events during navigational performance also appears to be inadequate. We favour the view that multiple memories are integrated using external and internal sources of information. Such configural memories lead to both specific expectations and novel routes.
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Abstract
Neocortical pyramidal cells possess voltage-dependent dendritic sodium channels that promote propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree but paradoxically may fail to originate dendritic spikes. A biophysical model was constructed to reconcile these observations with known anatomical and physiological properties. When dendritic and somatic sodium channel densities compatible with electrophysiological measurements were combined with much higher densities in the axon initial segment then, regardless of the site of stimulation, spikes initiated at the initial segment and subsequently invaded the dendrites. The lower initial segment threshold arose from high current density and electrical isolation from the soma. Failure of dendritic channels to initiate spikes was due to inactivation and source-load considerations, which were more favorable for conduction of back-propagated spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Mainen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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