9-Month observational Dia-Vacc study of vaccine type influence on SARS-CoV-2 immunity in dialysis and kidney transplant patients

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination related seroconversion rates are reduced in dialysis and kidney transplant patients.

METHODS

We evaluated nine months follow up data in our observational Dia-Vacc study exploring specific cellular (interferon-γ release assay) or/and humoral immune responses after 2x SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination in 880 participants including healthy medical personnel (125-MP), dialysis patients (595-DP), kidney transplant recipients (111-KTR), and apheresis patients (49-AP) with positive seroconversion (de novo IgA or IgG antibody positivity by ELISA) after eight weeks.

FINDINGS

Nine months after first vaccination, receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies were still positive in 90 % of MP, 86 % of AP, but only 55 %/48 % of DP/KTR, respectively. Seroconversion remained positive in 100 % of AP and 99·2 % of MP, but 86 %/81 % of DP/KTR, respectively. Compared to MP, DP but not KTR or AP were at risk for a strong RBD decline, while KTR kept lowest RBD values over time. By multivariate analysis, BNT162b2mRNA versus 1273-mRNA vaccine type was an independent risk factor for a strong decline of RBD antibodies. Within the DP group, only time on dialysis was another (inverse) risk factor for the DP group. Compared to humoral immunity, T-cell immunity decline was less prominent.

INTERPRETATION

While seroconverted KTR reach lowest RBD values over time, DP are at specific risk for a strong decline of RBD antibodies after successful SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination, which also depends on the vaccine type being used. Therefore, booster vaccinations for DP should be considered earlier compared to normal population.

Risk of strong antibody decline in dialysis and transplant patients after SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination: Six months data from the observational Dia-Vacc study

Background

Vulnerable dialysis and kidney transplant patients show impaired seroconversion rates compared to medical personnel eight weeks after SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination.

Methods

We evaluated six months follow up data in our observational Dia-Vacc study exploring specific cellular (interferon-γ release assay) or/and humoral immune responses after 2x SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccination in 1205 participants including medical personnel (125 MP), dialysis patients (970 DP) and kidney transplant recipients (110 KTR) with seroconversion (de novo IgA or IgG antibody positivity by ELISA) after eight weeks.

Findings

Six months after vaccination, seroconversion remained positive in 98% of MP, but 91%/87% of DP/KTR (p = 0·005), respectively. Receptor binding domain-IgG (RBD-IgG) antibodies were positive in 98% of MP, but only 68%/57% of DP/KTR (p < 0·001), respectively. Compared to MP, DP and KTR were at risk for a strong IgG or RBD-IgG decline (p < 0·001). Within the DP but not KTR group male gender, peritoneal dialysis, short time on dialysis, BNT162b2mRNA vaccine, immunosuppressive drug use and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for a strong decline of IgG or RBD antibodies. The percentage of cellular immunity decline was similar in all groups.

Interpretation

Both vulnerable DP and KTR groups are at risk for a strong decline for IgG and RBD antibodies. In KTR, antibody titres peak at a markedly lower level and accelerated antibody decline is mixed with a delayed/increasing IgG, RBD-IgG, or cellular immune response in a 16% fraction of patients. In both populations, immune monitoring should be used for early timing of additional booster vaccinations.

Funding

This study was funded by the Else Kröner Fresenius Stiftung, Bad Homburg v. d. H., grant number Fördervertrag EKFS 2021_EKSE.27.

Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: A prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine

Background

Dialysis and kidney transplant patients are vulnerable populations for COVID-19 related disease and mortality.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study exploring the eight week time course of specific cellular (interferon-γ release assay and flow cytometry) or/and humoral immune responses (ELISA) to SARS-CoV-2 boost vaccination in more than 3100 participants including medical personnel, dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients using mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273.

Results

SARS-CoV-2-vaccination induced seroconversion efficacy in dialysis patients was similar to medical personnel (> 95%), but markedly impaired in kidney transplant recipients (42%). T-cellular immunity largely mimicked humoral results. Major risk factors of seroconversion failure were immunosuppressive drug number and type (belatacept, MMF-MPA, calcineurin-inhibitors) as well as vaccine type (BNT162b2 mRNA). Seroconversion rates induced by mRNA-1273 compared to BNT162b2 vaccine were 97% to 88% (p < 0.001) in dialysis and 49% to 26% in transplant patients, respectively. Specific IgG directed against the new binding domain of the spike protein (RDB) were significantly higher in dialysis patients vaccinated by mRNA-1273 (95%) compared to BNT162b2 (85%, p < 0.001). Vaccination appeared safe and highly effective demonstrating an almost complete lack of symptomatic COVID-19 disease after boost vaccination as well as ceased disease incidences during third pandemic wave in dialysis patients.

Conclusion

Dialysis patients exhibit a remarkably high seroconversion rate of 95% after boost vaccination, while humoral response is impaired in the majority of transplant recipients. Immunosuppressive drug number and type as well as vaccine type (BNT162b2) are major determinants of seroconversion failure in both dialysis and transplant patients suggesting immune monitoring and adaption of vaccination protocols.

Carryover of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from soil to plants

Within the scope of a joint project to study soil-to-plant carryover of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), five cultivated plants (spring wheat, oats, potatoes, maize, and perennial ryegrass) were sown or planted in Mitscherlich pots. Six variants per species were used, each with a different concentration level of PFOA and PFOS (from 0.25 to 50 mg/kg as aqueous solution) to detect possible concentration dependence in the transfer of these two PFCs from soil to plant. PFOA and PFOS were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after appropriate sample preparation (partial drying, mincing, homogenizing, extraction). Since PFOA and PFOS presently represent the most widely studied PFCs, they are classified as "leading compounds." The results show that concentrations of PFOA/PFOS in the plants vary greatly, depending on the concentrations applied to the soil. PFOA values were higher than PFOS values in all plants except potatoes, in which these differences could be quite substantial. From the results presented here it can be seen that uptake and storage are much more intensive in the vegetative portion of the plant than relocation in the storage organs. This is particularly evident from the the comparison of concentrations found in the grain and ear and those in the straw or rest of the plant in spring wheat, oats, and maize. Transfer from "soil to crops" provides a possible explanation for the presence of PFCs in foodstuffs and in human body fluids such as blood, plasma, serum, or breast milk. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a statistically significant, concentration-dependent carryover of PFOA and PFOS in crop plants can take place, which would provide a potential entrance point for these substances into the food chain.