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Trelin A, Skvortsova A, Olshtrem A, Chertopalov S, Mares D, Lapcak L, Vondracek M, Sajdl P, Jerabek V, Maixner J, Lancok J, Sofer Z, Regner J, Kolska Z, Svorcik V, Lyutakov O. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Networks for Detection of MXene Flakes' Surface Terminations. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2024; 128:6780-6787. [PMID: 38690535 PMCID: PMC11056973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The properties of MXene flakes, a new class of two-dimensional materials, are strictly determined by their surface termination. The most common termination groups are oxygen-containing (=O or -OH) and fluorine (-F), and their relative ratio is closely related to flake stability and catalytic activity. The surface termination can vary significantly among MXene flakes depending on the preparation route and is commonly determined after flake preparation by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In this paper, as an alternative approach, we propose the combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for the precise and reliable determination of MXene flakes' (Ti3C2Tx) surface chemistry. Ti3C2Tx flakes were independently prepared by three scientific groups and subsequently measured using three different Raman spectrometers, employing resonant excitation wavelengths. Manual analysis of the SERS spectra did not enable accurate determination of the flake surface termination. However, the combined SERS-ANN approach allowed us to determine the surface termination with a high accuracy. The reliability of the method was verified by using a series of independently prepared samples. We also paid special attention to how the results of the SERS-ANN method are affected by the flake stability and differences in the conditions of flake preparation and Raman measurements. This way, we have developed a universal technique that is independent of the above-mentioned parameters, providing the results with accuracy similar to XPS, but enhanced in terms of analysis time and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Trelin
- Department
of Solid State Engineering, University of
Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiia Skvortsova
- Department
of Solid State Engineering, University of
Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Olshtrem
- Department
of Solid State Engineering, University of
Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Sergii Chertopalov
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18220, Czech Republic
| | - David Mares
- Department
of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague 16627, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Lapcak
- Central
Laboratories, University of Chemistry and
Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vondracek
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sajdl
- Department
of Power Engineering, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Jerabek
- Department
of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague 16627, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Central
Laboratories, University of Chemistry and
Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lancok
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 18220, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Regner
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Kolska
- Centre
for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, J.
E. Purkyne University, Usti nad
Labem 40096, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department
of Solid State Engineering, University of
Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department
of Solid State Engineering, University of
Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
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Buravets V, Olshtrem A, Burtsev V, Gorin O, Chertopalov S, Chumakov A, Schwartzkopf M, Lancok J, Svorcik V, Lyutakov O, Miliutina E. Plasmon assisted Ti 3C 2T x grafting and surface termination tuning for enhancement of flake stability and humidity sensing performance. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:6837-6846. [PMID: 38059029 PMCID: PMC10696961 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00429e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Humidity sensors play a critical role in monitoring human activities, environmental health, food processing and storage, and many other fields. Recently, some 2D materials, particularly MXenes, have been considered as promising candidates for creating humidity sensors because of their high surface area, surface-to-bulk ratio, and excellent conductivity, arising from the high concentration and mobility of free electrons. In this work, we propose the plasmon-assisted surface modification and termination tuning of common MXene (Ti3C2Tx) to enhance their response to humidity and increase their stability against oxidation. Hydrophobic (-C6H4-CF3) and hydrophilic (-C6H4-COOH) chemical moieties were covalently grafted to the Ti3C2Tx surface using plasmon-mediated diazonium chemistry. In situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS) measurements, performed at different humidity levels indicate that surface modification significantly affects penetration of water molecules in Ti3C2Tx films. As a result, the sensitivity of the flakes to the presence of water molecules was significantly altered. Additionally, proposed surface grafting commonly proceeds on the less stable MXene surface sites, where flake oxidation commonly initiates. As a result of the modification, such "weak" and more chemically active sites were blocked and Ti3C2Tx stability was significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Buravets
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiia Olshtrem
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vasilii Burtsev
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Gorin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sergii Chertopalov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 18200 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Andrei Chumakov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg Notkestr. 85 Germany
| | | | - Jan Lancok
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Na Slovance 1999/2 18200 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Oleksiy Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Elena Miliutina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology 16628 Prague Czech Republic
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Irimiciuc SA, Chertopalov S, Novotný M, Craciun V, Lancok J. On the Dynamics of Transient Plasmas Generated by Nanosecond Laser Ablation of Several Metals. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14237336. [PMID: 34885492 PMCID: PMC8658669 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of transient plasma generated by UV ns-laser ablation of selected metals (Co, Cu, Ag, Bi) were investigated by the Langmuir Probe method in angle- and time-resolved modes. Multiple ionic and electronic structures were seen for all plasmas with some corresponding to anions or nanoparticle-dominated structures. The addition of an Ar atmosphere energetically confined the plasma and increased the charge density by several orders of magnitude. For pressure ranges exceeding 0.5 Pa fast ions were generated in the plasma as a result of Ar ionization and acceleration in the double layer defining the front of the plasma plume. Several correlations between the target nature plasma properties were attempted. The individual plasma structure expansion velocity increases with the melting point and decreases with the atomic mass while the corresponding charged particle densities decrease with the melting point, evidencing the relationship between the volatility of the sample and the overall abated mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrei Irimiciuc
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics—NILPRP, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Sergii Chertopalov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (S.C.)
| | - Michal Novotný
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Valentin Craciun
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics—NILPRP, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
- Extreme Light Infrastructure for Nuclear Physics, IFIN-HH, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Jan Lancok
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (J.L.)
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