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Grübel J, Wendlandt T, Urban D, Jauch CO, Wege C, Tovar GEM, Southan A. Soft Sub-Structured Multi-Material Biosensor Hydrogels with Enzymes Retained by Plant Viral Scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300311. [PMID: 37922890 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
An all-soft multi-material combination consisting of a hydrogel based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coated with spatially defined spots of gelatin methacryloyl (GM) containing selectively addressable viral nanorods is presented, and its basic application as a qualitative biosensor with reporter enzymes displayed on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) bioscaffolds within the GM is demonstrated. Biologically inert PEG supports are equipped with GM spots serving as biological matrix for enzymes clustered on TMV particles preventing diffusion out of the gel. For this multi-material combination, i) the PEG-based hydrogel surface is modified to achieve a clear boundary between coated and non-coated regions by introducing either isothiouronium or thiol groups. ii) Cross-linking of the GM spots is studied to achieve anchoring to the hydrogel surface. iii) The enzymes horseradish peroxidase or penicillinase (Pen) are conjugated to TMV and integrated into the GM matrix. In contrast to free enzymes, enzyme-decorated TMVs persist in GM spots and show sustained enzyme activity as evidenced by specific color reaction after 7 days of washing, and for Pen after 22 months after dry storage. Therefore, the integration of enzyme-coupled TMV into hydrogel matrices is a promising and versatile approach to obtaining reusable and analyte-specific sensor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniela Urban
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinna O Jauch
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Grübel J, L Albernaz V, Tsianaka A, Jauch CO, Quirin S, Kerger C, Kohl CG, Burger-Kentischer A, Tovar GEM, Southan A. Preparation of multifunctional hydrogels with accessible isothiouronium groups via radical cross-linking copolymerization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10361. [PMID: 37365250 PMCID: PMC10293292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels can be equipped with functional groups for specific purposes. Isothiouronium groups can enhance adsorptivity, or allow coupling of other functional groups through mild reactions after transformation to thiol groups. Here we present a method to prepare multifunctional hydrogels by introducing isothiouronium groups into poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels, and convert them into thiol-functionalized hydrogels by the reduction of the isothiouronium groups. For this purpose, the amphiphilic monomer 2-(11-(acryloyloxy)-undecyl)isothiouronium bromide (AUITB), containing an isothiouronium group, was synthesized and copolymerized with PEGDA. In this convenient way, it was possible to incorporate up to 3 wt% AUITB into the hydrogels without changing their equilibrium swelling degree. The successful functionalization was demonstrated by surface analysis of the hydrogels with water contact angle measurements and increased isoelectric points of the hydrogel surfaces from 4.5 to 9.0 due to the presence of the isothiouronium groups. The hydrogels showed a suitability as an adsorbent, as exemplified by the pronounced adsorption of the anionic drug diclofenac. The potential of the functionalization for (bio)conjugation reactions was demonstrated by the reduction of isothiouronium groups to thiols and subsequent immobilization of the functional enzyme horseradish peroxidase on the hydrogels. The results show that fully accessible isothiouronium groups can be introduced into radically cross-linked hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vanessa L Albernaz
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tsianaka
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinna O Jauch
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silia Quirin
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Kerger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina G Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Vassallo V, Tsianaka A, Alessio N, Grübel J, Cammarota M, Tovar GEM, Southan A, Schiraldi C. Evaluation of novel biomaterials for cartilage regeneration based on gelatin methacryloyl interpenetrated with extractive chondroitin sulfate or unsulfated biotechnological chondroitin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1210-1223. [PMID: 35088923 PMCID: PMC9306773 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is widely proposed as scaffold for cartilage tissue regeneration due to its high similarities to the extracellular matrix. However, poor mechanical properties and high sensitivity to enzymatic degradation encouraged the scientific community to develop strategies to obtain better performing hydrogels. Gelatin networks, specifically gelatin‐methacryloyl (GM), have been coupled to hyaluronan or chondroitin sulfate (CS). In this study, we evaluated the biophysical properties of an innovative photocross‐linked hydrogel based on GM with the addition of CS or a new unsulfated biotechnological chondroitin (BC). Biophysical, mechanical, and biochemical characterization have been assessed to compare GM hydrogels to the chondroitin containing networks. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded on these biomaterials in order to evaluate the differentiation toward the chondrocyte phenotype in 21 days. Rheological characterization showed that both CS and BC increased the stiffness (G' was about 2‐fold), providing a stronger rigid matrix, with respect to GM alone. The biological tests confirmed the onset of MSCs differentiation process starting from 14 days of in vitro culture. In particular, the combination GM + BC resulted to be more effective than GM + CS in the up‐regulation of key genes such as collagen type 2A1 (COLII), SOX‐9, and aggrecan). In addition, the scanning microscope analyses revealed the cellular adhesion on materials and production of extracellular vesicles. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed an increase of COLII in presence of both chondroitins. Finally, the outcomes suggest that BC entangled within cross‐linked GM matrix may represent a promising new biomaterial with potential applications in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vassallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Anastasia Tsianaka
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcella Cammarota
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
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Claaßen C, Dannecker M, Grübel J, Kotzampasi ME, Tovar GEM, Stanzel BV, Borchers K. Publisher Correction: The choice of biopolymer is crucial to trigger angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor releasing coatings. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2020; 31:111. [PMID: 33244650 PMCID: PMC7852895 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-020-06463-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Claaßen
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Dannecker
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria-Elli Kotzampasi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Boris V Stanzel
- Augenklinik Sulzbach, Knappschaftsklinikum Saar, An der Klinik 10, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Borchers
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Claaßen C, Dannecker M, Grübel J, Kotzampasi ME, Tovar GEM, Stanzel BV, Borchers K. The choice of biopolymer is crucial to trigger angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor releasing coatings. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2020; 31:93. [PMID: 33108503 PMCID: PMC7591429 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based coatings and release systems for pro-angiogenic growth factors are of interest to overcome insufficient vascularization and bio-integration of implants. This study compares different biopolymer-based coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes in terms of coating homogeneity and stability, coating thickness in the swollen state, endothelial cell adhesion, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release and pro-angiogenic properties. Coatings consisted of carbodiimide cross-linked gelatin type A (GelA), type B (GelB) or albumin (Alb), and heparin (Hep), or they consisted of radically cross-linked gelatin methacryloyl-acetyl (GM5A5) and heparin methacrylate (HepM5). We prepared films with thicknesses of 8-10 µm and found that all coatings were homogeneous after washing. All gelatin-based coatings enhanced the adhesion of primary human endothelial cells compared to the uncoated membrane. The VEGF release was tunable with the loading concentration and dependent on the isoelectric points and hydrophilicities of the biopolymers used for coating: GelA-Hep showed the highest releases, while releases were indistinguishable for GelB-Hep and Alb-Hep, and lowest for GM5A5-HepM5. Interestingly, not only the amount of VEGF released from the coatings determined whether angiogenesis was induced, but a combination of VEGF release, metabolic activity and adhesion of endothelial cells. VEGF releasing GelA-Hep and GelB-Hep coatings induced angiogenesis in a chorioallantoic membrane assay, so that these coatings should be considered for further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Claaßen
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Dannecker
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria-Elli Kotzampasi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Boris V Stanzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Augenklinik Sulzbach, Knappschaftsklinikum Saar, An der Klinik 10, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Kirsten Borchers
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Claaßen C, Southan A, Grübel J, Tovar GEM, Borchers K. Interactions of methacryloylated gelatin and heparin modulate physico-chemical properties of hydrogels and release of vascular endothelial growth factor. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:055008. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aacdb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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