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Croft MA, Mcdonald JP, Kiland J, Mattison JA, Roth GS, Ingram D, Kaufman PL. Sex as a risk factor regarding presbyopia in the rhesus monkey. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300476. [PMID: 38635668 PMCID: PMC11025728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of sex as a risk factor regarding presbyopia. METHODS Maximum accommodation was pharmacologically induced (40% cabachol corneal iontophoresis) in 97 rhesus monkeys (49 males and 48 females) ranging in age from 8 to 36 years old. Accommodation was measured by Hartinger coincidence refractometry. RESULTS Accommodative amplitude measured refractometrically decreased with age, and the rate of change was not different between males and females (p = 0.827). CONCLUSIONS Presbyopia is essentially sex neutral, and no one is spared. There may be modest variations between different populations for various reasons, but essentially it is monotonously predictable. At present there is no biological therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Croft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jared P. Mcdonald
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Julie Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Dickerson, MD, United States of America
| | - George S. Roth
- GeroScience Inc. and Prolongevity Technologies LLC, Pylesville, MD, United States of America
| | - Don Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Croft MA, Peterson J, Smith C, Kiland J, Nork TM, Mcdonald JP, Katz A, Hetzel S, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Kaufman PL. Accommodative movements of the choroid in the optic nerve head region of human eyes, and their relationship to the lens. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109124. [PMID: 35688214 PMCID: PMC9783760 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ciliary muscle (CM) powers the accommodative response, and during accommodation the CM pulls the choroid forward in the region of the ora serrata. Our goal was to elucidate the accommodative movements of the choroid in the optic nerve region in humans and to determine whether these movements are related to changes in the lens dimensions that occur with aging, in the unaccommodated and accommodated state. Both eyes of 12 human subjects (aged 18-51 yrs) were studied. Homatropine (1 drop/5%) was used to relax the ciliary muscle (unaccommodated or "resting" eye) and pilocarpine was used to induce the maximum accommodative response (2 drops/4%) (accommodated eye). Images of the fundus and choroid were collected in the region of the optic nerve (ON) via Spectralis OCT (infrared and EDI mode), and choroidal thickness was determined. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM; 50 MHz, 35 MHz) images were collected in the region of the lens/capsule and ciliary body. OCT and UBM images were collected in the resting and accommodated state. The unaccommodated choroidal thickness declined significantly with age (p = 0.0073, r = 0.73) over the entire age range of the subjects studied (18-51 years old). The choroidal thickness was significantly negatively correlated with lens thickness in the accommodated (p = 0.01) and the unaccommodated states (p = 0.005); the thicker the lens the thinner the choroid. Choroid movements around the optic nerve during accommodation were statistically significant; during accommodation the choroid both thinned and moved centrifugally (outward/away from the optic nerve head). The accommodative choroid movements did not decline significantly with age and were not correlated with accommodative amplitude. Measurement of the choroidal thickness is possible with the Spectralis OCT instrument using EDI mode and can be used to determine the accommodative changes in choroidal thickness. The choroidal thickness decreased with age and during accommodation. It may be that age-related choroidal thinning is due to changes in the geometry of the accommodative apparatus to which it is attached (i.e., ciliary muscle/lens complex) such that when the lens is thicker, the choroid is thinner. Accommodative decrease in choroidal thickness and stretch of the retina/choroid may indicate stress/strain forces in the region of the optic nerve during accommodation and may have implications for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Croft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - John Peterson
- Diagnostic Imaging Services Lead, UCSF Health, Wayne and Gladys Valley Center for Vision, 490 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Julie Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - T Michael Nork
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jared P Mcdonald
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | | | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, USA
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Croft MA, Nork TM, Heatley G, Mcdonald JP, Katz A, Kaufman PL. Intraocular accommodative movements in monkeys; relationship to presbyopia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109029. [PMID: 35283107 PMCID: PMC9749451 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to quantify the age-related changes in the dynamic accommodative movements of the vitreous and aqueous humor in iridic, aniridic, phakic and aphakic primate eyes. Six bilaterally iridic and four bilaterally iridectomized rhesus monkeys, ranging in age from 6 to 25 years, received a stimulating electrode in the midbrain Edinger-Westphal nucleus to induce accommodation, measured by a Hartinger coincidence refractometer. One of the four iridectomized monkeys underwent unilateral extracapsular and another monkey underwent intracapsular lens extraction. Eyes were imaged utilizing specialized techniques and contrast agents to resolve intraocular structures. During accommodation the anterior hyaloid membrane and the posterior lens capsule bowed backward. Central vitreous fluid and structures/strands moved posteriorly toward the optic nerve region as peripheral vitreous, attached to the vitreous zonule, was pulled forward by ciliary muscle contraction. Triamcinolone particles injected intravitreally were also observed in the anterior chamber and moved from the anterior chamber toward the cleft of the anterior hyaloid membrane and then further posteriorly into the vitreous-filled cleft between the vitreous zonule and the ciliary body pars plana. These accommodative movements occurred in all eyes, and declined with age. There are statistically significant accommodative movements of various intravitreal structures. The posterior/anterior fluid flow between the anterior chamber and the vitreous compartments during accommodation/disaccommodation represents fluid displacement to allow/facilitate lens thickening. The posterior accommodative movement of central vitreous fluid may result from centripetal compression of the anterior tips of the cistern-like structure attached to the vitreous zonule, and posterior displacement of the central trunk of the cistern during ciliary muscle contraction and centripetal muscle movement. The findings may have implications for presbyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Croft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - T Michael Nork
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Gregg Heatley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jared P Mcdonald
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53792, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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