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Staven FR, Gesto M, Iversen MH, Andersen P, Patel DM, Nordeide JT, Kristensen T. Cohabitation With Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Affects Brain Neuromodulators But Not Welfare Indicators in Lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus). Front Physiol 2022; 13:781519. [PMID: 35309044 PMCID: PMC8924591 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.781519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish are utilized to combat ectoparasitic epidemics in salmon farming. Research gaps on both cleaning behavior and client preferences in a natural environment, emphasizes the need to investigate the physiological impacts on lumpfish during cohabitation with piscivorous Atlantic salmon. Lumpfish (39.9 g, S.D ± 8.98) were arranged in duplicate tanks (n = 40 per treatment) and exposed to Live Atlantic salmon (245.7 g, S.D ± 25.05), salmon Olfaction or lifelike salmon Models for 6 weeks. Growth and health scores were measured every second week. In addition, the final sampling included measurements of neuromodulators, body color, and plasma cortisol. A stimulation and suppression test of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis was used for chronic stress assessment. Results showed that growth, health scores, and body color remained unaffected by treatments. Significant reductions in levels of brain dopamine and norepinephrine were observed in Live compared to Control. Plasma cortisol was low in all treatments, while the stimulation and suppression test of the HPI axis revealed no indications of chronic stress. This study presents novel findings on the impact on neuromodulators from Atlantic salmon interaction in the lumpfish brain. We argue that the downregulation of dopamine and norepinephrine indicate plastic adjustments to cohabitation with no negative effect on the species. This is in accordance with no observed deviations in welfare measurements, including growth, health scores, body color, and stress. We conclude that exposure to salmon or salmon cues did not impact the welfare of the species in our laboratory setup, and that neuromodulators are affected by heterospecific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik R. Staven
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Martin H. Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Per Andersen
- Department of Research and Development, Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - Deepti M. Patel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Jarle T. Nordeide
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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Staven FR, Nordeide JT, Imsland AK, Andersen P, Iversen NS, Kristensen T. Is Habituation Measurable in Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus When Used as Cleaner Fish in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Aquaculture? Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:227. [PMID: 31338371 PMCID: PMC6629887 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how lumpfish interact in Atlantic salmon aquaculture, physiological stress responses and changes in behaviour were analysed in experienced and naive lumpfish. Experienced lumpfish (30.2 ± 7.93 g, mean ± SD) coexisted with a commercial scale production unit of Atlantic salmon (1258.5 ± 152.12 g) for 30 to 60 days, while naive lumpfish (38.2 ± 12.37 g) were kept with conspecifics only. Ten trials from each background were tested. For each trial, 10 lumpfish were tagged and transferred to a video monitored experimental tank (2 × 2 × 0.7 m). In each trial, swimming behaviour was mapped for all lumpfish every 60 s in 20 min, 10 min before, and 10 min after the introduction of four Atlantic salmon. Naive lumpfish expressed significantly increased burst swimming activity and maintained longer interspecific distance to Atlantic salmon in comparison with experienced fish. In addition, mean plasma cortisol levels were significantly elevated in naive fish after exposure to Atlantic salmon. We argue that naive lumpfish expressed innate physiological and behavioural stress responses during first encounter with Atlantic salmon, while reduced responses in experienced individuals indicated habituation. The effect from behavioural and physiological stress in newly deployed naive lumpfish-before and during habituation-should be taken account for when lumpfish are introduced in commercial sea cages to improve welfare for the species. In addition, we suggest that habituation could be applicable during the rearing phase to moderate the transition from a simple tank environment with conspecifics only to interspecies interaction with Atlantic salmon in sea cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik R Staven
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - Jarle T Nordeide
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Albert K Imsland
- Akvaplan-niva Iceland Office, Kópavogur, Iceland.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kleppe SA, Nordeide JT, Rudolfsen G, Figenschou L, Larsen B, Reiss K, Folstad I. No support for cryptic choice by ovarian fluid in an external fertilizer. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11763-11774. [PMID: 30598774 PMCID: PMC6303707 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the ovarian fluid (OF) represents a selective environment influencing cryptic female choice was tested using an external fertilizer experiencing intense sperm competition and large effects of OF on sperm swimming behavior-the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We physically separated the OF from the eggs of reproductively active females and reintroduced either their own OF or fluid from another female to the eggs. The eggs were then fertilized in vitro in a replicated split-brood design with sperm from two males under synchronized sperm competition trials, while also measuring sperm velocity of the individual males in the individual OFs. We found large effects of males, but no effect of females (i.e., eggs) on paternity, determined from microsatellites. More important, we found no effect of OF treatments on the relative paternity of the two competing males in each pair. This experimental setup does not provide support for the hypothesis that OF plays an important role as medium for cryptic female choice in charr. Power analyses revealed that our sample size is large enough to detect medium-sized changes in relative paternity (medium-sized effect sizes), but not large enough to detect small changes in relative paternity. More studies are needed before a conclusion can be drawn about OF's potential influence on paternity under sperm competition-even in charr.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geir Rudolfsen
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fishery and EconomyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Lars Figenschou
- University Library, UiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Katrin Reiss
- Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversityBodøNorway
| | - Ivar Folstad
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fishery and EconomyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Jørgensen TE, Karlsen BO, Emblem Å, Jakt LM, Nordeide JT, Moum T, Johansen SD. A mitochondrial long noncoding RNA in atlantic cod harbors complex heteroplasmic tandem repeat motifs. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 30:307-311. [PMID: 30198386 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1502281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A heteroplasmic tandem repeat (HTR) array occupies 100 to 300 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the Atlantic cod, and recently we noted that the repeat appeared integrated in a polyadenylated mitochondrial long noncoding RNA. Here we provide a more detailed analysis of the mitochondrial HTR in the mitochondrial genome of 134 Atlantic cod specimens. We report all specimens to harbor mitochondrial HTRs in the control region, and identified 26 distinct variants among the 402 repeat motifs assessed. Whereas most specimens contained HTR profiles of 2-5 copies consisting of the same 40-bp motif, 22 specimens showed compound HTR arrays of at least two types of motifs present in the same mitochondrial DNA molecule. We found HTR profiles to be highly conserved between different tissue types of a single individual, and strictly maternally inherited in a mating experiment between parental Atlantic cod expressing different HTR profiles and array motifs. We conclude that mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the control region is very common in Atlantic cod, and results in length heterogenity of the long noncoding RNA lncCR-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Erik Jørgensen
- a Genomics group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture , Nord University , Bodø , Norway
| | - Bård Ove Karlsen
- b Research Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine , Nordland Hospital , Bodø , Norway
| | - Åse Emblem
- c Department of Medical Biology Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT - Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Lars Martin Jakt
- a Genomics group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture , Nord University , Bodø , Norway
| | - Jarle T Nordeide
- a Genomics group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture , Nord University , Bodø , Norway
| | - Truls Moum
- a Genomics group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture , Nord University , Bodø , Norway
| | - Steinar D Johansen
- a Genomics group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture , Nord University , Bodø , Norway.,c Department of Medical Biology Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT - Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
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Brattli MB, Egeland TB, Nordeide JT, Folstad I. Spawning behavior of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus): Spawning synchrony, vibrational communication, and mate guarding. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8076-8087. [PMID: 30250685 PMCID: PMC6145006 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mismatch in synchrony between male and female gamete release in external fertilizers can result in reduced or failed fertilization, sperm competition, and reduced paternity. In Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), males can adopt either a guard or sneak tactic resulting in both pre- and postcopulatory competition between males with alternative reproduction tactics. Here, spawning behavior of free-living Arctic charr was video-recorded, and their reproductive behavior was analyzed. From evaluating 157 spawning events, we observed that females mainly spawned with a guarding male and that the female and the guarding male synchronized timing of gamete release under sperm competition. Although sneakers spawned with higher synchrony than the guarding male in single-male spawning events, the average sneaker released his milt less synchronized with the female than the guarding male under sperm competition. Approximately 50% of the recorded spawning events occurred under sperm competition, where each event included an average of 2.7 males. Additionally, sneakers were more exposed to sperm competition than guarding males. An influx of males, in close proximity to the female, occurred during the behavioral sequences leading up to egg release, but this influx seemed not dependent on egg release, suggesting that something else than gonadal product attracts sneaker males to the spawning female. Just before and during the actual release of gametes, the spawning couple vibrates their bodies in close contact and it seems likely that this vibrational communication between the spawning couple, which results in a larger amplitude sound wave than seen under regular courting, reveals time of gamete release to sneaker males. Thus, vibrational communication may enable synchrony between the guarding male and the female, and this might be traded against the cost of higher detectability from surrounding sneaker males, eavesdropping in close proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus B. Brattli
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT – The Arctic UniversityTromsøNorway
| | | | | | - Ivar Folstad
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT – The Arctic UniversityTromsøNorway
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Jørgensen TE, Karlsen BO, Emblem Å, Breines R, Andreassen M, Rounge TB, Nederbragt AJ, Jakobsen KS, Nymark M, Ursvik A, Coucheron DH, Jakt LM, Nordeide JT, Moum T, Johansen SD. Mitochondrial genome variation of Atlantic cod. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:397. [PMID: 29921324 PMCID: PMC6009815 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyse intraspecific sequence variation of Atlantic cod mitochondrial DNA, based on a comprehensive collection of completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes. RESULTS We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of 124 cod specimens from the eastern and western part of the species' distribution range in the North Atlantic Ocean. All specimens harboured a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Nine hundred and fifty-two polymorphic sites were identified, including 109 non-synonymous sites within protein coding regions. Eighteen variable sites were identified as indels, exclusively distributed in structural RNA genes and non-coding regions. Phylogeographic analyses based on 156 available cod mitochondrial genomes did not reveal a clear structure. There was a lack of mitochondrial genetic differentiation between two ecotypes of cod in the eastern North Atlantic, but eastern and western cod were differentiated and mitochondrial genome diversity was higher in the eastern than the western Atlantic, suggesting deviating population histories. The geographic distribution of mitochondrial genome variation seems to be governed by demographic processes and gene flow among ecotypes that are otherwise characterized by localized genomic divergence associated with chromosomal inversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Erik Jørgensen
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Bård Ove Karlsen
- Research Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Åse Emblem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragna Breines
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten Andreassen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Syntheses (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander J Nederbragt
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Syntheses (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Syntheses (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Nymark
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anita Ursvik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag H Coucheron
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Martin Jakt
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Jarle T Nordeide
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Truls Moum
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Steinar D Johansen
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
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Egeland TB, Rudolfsen G, Nordeide JT, Folstad I. On the relative effect of spawning asynchrony, sperm quantity, and sperm quality on paternity under sperm competition in an external fertilizer. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Amundsen CR, Nordeide JT, Gjøen HM, Larsen B, Egeland ES. Conspicuous carotenoid-based pelvic spine ornament in three-spined stickleback populations-occurrence and inheritance. PeerJ 2015; 3:e872. [PMID: 25861558 PMCID: PMC4389276 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on reddish carotenoid-based ornaments in female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are few, despite the large interest in the species' behaviour, ornamentation, morphology and evolution. We sampled sticklebacks from 17 sites in north-western Europe in this first extensive study on the occurrence of carotenoid-based female pelvic spines and throat ornaments. The field results showed that females, and males, with reddish spines were found in all 17 populations. Specimens of both sexes with conspicuous red spines were found in several of the sites. The pelvic spines of males were more intensely red compared to the females' spines, and large specimens were more red than small ones. Fish infected with the tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) had drabber spines than uninfected fish. Both sexes had red spines both during and after the spawning period, but the intensity of the red colour was more exaggerated during the spawning period. As opposed to pelvic spines, no sign of red colour at the throat was observed in any female from any of the 17 populations. A rearing experiment was carried out to estimate a potential genetic component of the pelvic spine ornament by artificial crossing and rearing of 15 family groups during a 12 months period. The results indicated that the genetic component of the red colour at the spines was low or close to zero. Although reddish pelvic spines seem common in populations of stickleback, the potential adaptive function of the reddish pelvic spines remains largely unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Amundsen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - J T Nordeide
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - H M Gjøen
- Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | - B Larsen
- Bodø Graduate School of Business, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
| | - E S Egeland
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland , Bodø , Norway
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Karlsen BO, Emblem Å, Jørgensen TE, Klingan KA, Nordeide JT, Moum T, Johansen SD. Mitogenome sequence variation in migratory and stationary ecotypes of North-east Atlantic cod. Mar Genomics 2014; 15:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karlsen BO, Klingan K, Emblem Å, Jørgensen TE, Jueterbock A, Furmanek T, Hoarau G, Johansen SD, Nordeide JT, Moum T. Genomic divergence between the migratory and stationary ecotypes of Atlantic cod. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5098-111. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bård O. Karlsen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; N-9037 Tromsø Norway
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Nordland Hospital Trust; N-8092 Bodø Norway
| | - Kevin Klingan
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Åse Emblem
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Tor E. Jørgensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Alexander Jueterbock
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Institute of Marine Research; PO Box 1870 Nordnesgaten 50 5817 Bergen Norway
| | - Galice Hoarau
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Steinar D. Johansen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
- Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Jarle T. Nordeide
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Truls Moum
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; University of Nordland; N-8049 Bodø Norway
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Johansen SD, Karlsen BO, Furmanek T, Andreassen M, Jørgensen TE, Bizuayehu TT, Breines R, Emblem A, Kettunen P, Luukko K, Edvardsen RB, Nordeide JT, Coucheron DH, Moum T. RNA deep sequencing of the Atlantic cod transcriptome. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2010; 6:18-22. [PMID: 20493789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an emerging aquaculture species. Efforts to develop and characterize its genomic recourses, including draft-grade genome sequencing, have been initiated by the research community. The transcriptome represents the whole complement of RNA transcripts in cells and tissues and reflects the expressed genes at various life stages, tissue types, physiological states, and environmental conditions. We are investigating the Atlantic cod transcriptome by Roche 454, Illumina GA, and ABI SOLiD deep sequencing platforms and corresponding bioinformatics. Both embryonic developmental stages and adult tissues are studied. Here we summarize our recent progress in the analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial polyA mRNAs, non-protein-coding intermediate RNAs, and regulatory microRNAs.
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Johansen SD, Coucheron DH, Andreassen M, Karlsen BO, Furmanek T, Jørgensen TE, Emblem A, Breines R, Nordeide JT, Moum T, Nederbragt AJ, Stenseth NC, Jakobsen KS. Large-scale sequence analyses of Atlantic cod. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:263-71. [PMID: 19491044 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a key species in the North Atlantic ecosystem and commercial fisheries, with increasing aquacultural production in several countries. A Norwegian effort to sequence the complete 0.9Gbp genome by the 454 pyrosequencing technology has been initiated and is in progress. Here we review recent progress in large-scale sequence analyses of the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome and genome-wide microRNA identification in the Atlantic cod. The nuclear genome will be de novo sequenced with 25 times oversampling. A total of 120 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from several locations in the North Atlantic, are being completely sequenced by Sanger technology in a high-throughput pipeline. These sequences will be included in a new database for maternal marker reference of Atlantic cod diversity. High-throughput 454 sequencing, as well as Evolutionary Image Array (EvoArray) informatics, is used to investigate the complete set of expressed microRNAs and corresponding mRNA targets in various developmental stages and tissues. Information about microRNA profiles will be essential in the understanding of transcriptome complexity and regulation. Finally, developments and perspectives of Atlantic cod aquaculture are discussed in the light of next-generation high-throughput sequence technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar D Johansen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway. Steinar.
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Abstract
Hypotheses and models to explain female ornaments often assume that the elaborated traits are condition dependent; nevertheless, few empirical studies have addressed this topic. We studied a population of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in which the females have conspicuous, carotenoid-based red coloration to their pelvic spines. The red coloration seems not to be condition dependent, as coloration is negatively associated with age and body length and not associated with condition. Furthermore, redder females did not have a lower density of leucocytes. We found a negative association between the females' red carotenoid-based coloration in the spines and the amount of carotenoids in the female's gonads. Males choosing red-coloured females will fertilize eggs with small amounts of carotenoids and appear not to gain any benefit from their mates' phenotypic quality that could result in offspring of improved quality. These results do not support the 'direct selection hypothesis' to explain the existence of the female ornaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Nordeide
- Department of Fisheries and Natural Sciences, Bodø University College, Bodø, Norway.
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Abstract
Little evidence of benefits from female mate choice has been found when males provide no parental care or resources. Yet, good genes models of sexual selection suggest that elaborated male sexual characters are reliable signals of mate quality and that the offspring of males with elaborate sexual ornaments will perform better than those of males with less elaborate ornaments. We used cod (Gadus morhua L.), an externally fertilizing species where males provide nothing but sperm, to examine the potential of optimal mate selection with respect to offspring survival. By applying in vitro fertilizations, we crossed eight females with nine males in all possible combinations and reared each of the 72 sib groups. We found that offspring survival was dependent on which female was mated with which male and that optimal mate selection has the potential to increase mean offspring survival from 31.9 to 55.6% (a 74% increase). However, the size of the male sexual ornaments and sperm quality (i.e. sperm velocity and sperm density) could not predict offspring survival. Thus, even if there may be large fitness benefits of mate selection, we might not yet have identified the male characteristics generating high offspring survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rudolfsen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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