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Abstract
The immune system is comprised of two principal interconnected components called innate and adaptive immunity. While the innate immune system mounts a nonspecific response that provides protection against the spread of foreign pathogens, the adaptive immune system has developed to specifically recognize a given pathogen and lead to immunological memory. Platelets are small fragments produced from megakaryocytes in bone marrow and lungs. They circulate throughout the blood to monitor the integrity of the vasculature and to prevent bleeding. Given their large repertoire of immune receptors and inflammatory molecules, platelets and megakaryocytes can contribute to both innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, platelets and megakaryocytes can process and present antigens to lymphocytes. Moreover, platelets, via FcγRIIA, rapidly respond to pathogens in an immune host when antibodies are present. This manuscript reviews the reported contributions of platelets and megakaryocytes with emphasis on antigen presentation and antibody response in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Marcoux
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Audrée Laroche
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Espinoza Romero
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie and Centre ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Laidi C, Hajek T, Spaniel F, Kolenic M, d'Albis MA, Sarrazin S, Mangin JF, Duchesnay E, Brambilla P, Wessa M, Linke J, Polosan M, Favre P, Versace AL, Phillips ML, Manjon JV, Romero JE, Hozer F, Leboyer M, Coupe P, Houenou J. Cerebellar parcellation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 140:468-476. [PMID: 31418816 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebellum is involved in cognitive processing and emotion control. Cerebellar alterations could explain symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). In addition, literature suggests that lithium might influence cerebellar anatomy. Our aim was to study cerebellar anatomy in SZ and BD, and investigate the effect of lithium. METHODS Participants from 7 centers worldwide underwent a 3T MRI. We included 182 patients with SZ, 144 patients with BD, and 322 controls. We automatically segmented the cerebellum using the CERES pipeline. All outputs were visually inspected. RESULTS Patients with SZ showed a smaller global cerebellar gray matter volume compared to controls, with most of the changes located to the cognitive part of the cerebellum (Crus II and lobule VIIb). This decrease was present in the subgroup of patients with recent-onset SZ. We did not find any alterations in the cerebellum in patients with BD. However, patients medicated with lithium had a larger size of the anterior cerebellum, compared to patients not treated with lithium. CONCLUSION Our multicenter study supports a distinct pattern of cerebellar alterations in SZ and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laidi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - F Spaniel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - M Kolenic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - M-A d'Albis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Sarrazin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J-F Mangin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Duchesnay
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Wessa
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Linke
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Polosan
- Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, INSERM U1216, Hôpital Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - P Favre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A L Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J V Manjon
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - J E Romero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - F Hozer
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Corentin Celton, Paris Descartes University, Près Sorbonne Paris Cité, Issy-les- Moulineaux, France
| | - M Leboyer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Coupe
- Pictura Research Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5800), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Talence, France.,Pictura Research Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5800), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, University Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - J Houenou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U955 - Translational Psychiatry, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatrie, Créteil, France.,Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, DHU PePsy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France.,Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Stankey JA, Akbulut C, Romero JE, Govindasamy-Lucey S. Evaluation of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy as a method for the rapid and direct determination of sodium in cheese. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5040-51. [PMID: 26051319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cheese manufacturers indirectly determine Na in cheese by analysis of Cl using the Volhard method, assuming that all Cl came from NaCl. This method overestimates the actual Na content in cheeses when Na replacers (e.g., KCl) are used. A direct and rapid method for Na detection is needed. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), a mineral analysis technique used in the mining industry, was investigated as an alternative method of Na detection in cheese. An XRF method for the detection of Na in cheese was developed and compared with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES; the reference method for Na in cheese) and Cl analyzer. Sodium quantification was performed by multi-point calibration with cheese standards spiked with NaCl ranging from 0 to 4% Na (wt/wt). The Na concentration of each of the cheese standards (discs: 30mm×7mm) was quantified by the 3 methods. A single laboratory method validation was performed; linearity, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were determined. An additional calibration graph was created using cheese standards made from natural or process cheeses manufactured with different ratios of Na:K. Both Na and K calibration curves were linear for the cheese standards. Sodium was quantified in a variety of commercial cheese samples. The Na data obtained by XRF were in agreement with those from ICP-OES and Cl analyzer for most commercial natural cheeses. The XRF method did not accurately determine Na concentration for several process cheese samples, compared with ICP-OES, likely due to the use of unknown types of Na-based emulsifying salts (ES). When a calibration curve was created for process cheese with the specific types of ES used for this cheese, Na content was successfully predicted in the samples. For natural cheeses, the limit of detection and limit of quantification for Na that can be determined with an acceptable level of repeatability, precision, and trueness was 82 and 246mg/100g of cheese, respectively. Calibration graphs should be created with standards that reflect the concentration range, ratio, and salt type present in the cheeses. This XRF method can be successfully used for the rapid and direct measurement of Na content in a wide variety of natural cheeses. Commercial process cheese manufacturers use proprietary blends of ES. We did find that the XRF technique worked for process cheese when the calibration graphs were created with the specific types of ES actually used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stankey
- Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - C Akbulut
- Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J E Romero
- Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - S Govindasamy-Lucey
- Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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