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Tang Y, Jiang G, Porrachia M, Ignacio C, Wong L, Zhong D, Du J, Cotsakis B, Maske S, de la Parra Polina E, Simermeyer T, Li D, Woodworth B, Kirchherr J, Allard B, Clohosey M, Whitehill G, Eron J, Archin N, Joseph S, Bar K, Chaillon A, Gianella S, Margolis D, Jiang G. OP 1.4 – 00053 Definitive evidence of a persistent HIV reservoir in human brain myeloid cells despite ART. J Virus Erad 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Warren JA, Zhou S, Xu Y, Moeser M, Kirchherr J, Sung J, Roan N, Adimora A, Kuruc J, Gay C, Margolis D, Archin N, Swanstrom R, Goonetilleke N. Quantifying Virus Escape from T Cells in the Latent HIV Reservoir. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.197.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is no cure for HIV, largely because HIV establishes a small but sustained pool of latently infected cells that are not cleared by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current strategies include firstly reactivating the latent HIV reservoir and then using T cell immunotherapy to clear reactivated cells. However, pre-ART CD8 T cell escape variants have been reported in the HIV reservoir, which may limit CD8 T cell recognition and clearance of HIV-infected cells. The extent of virus escape from T cells in the latent reservoir is unclear.
HIV-specific T cell responses were comprehensively mapped across the Clade B HIV proteome by IFN-g ELISpot in 25 ART-suppressed participants. In parallel, replication competent viruses derived from supernatants of autologous resting CD4 T cells following mitogenic reactivation were sequenced. Peptides spanning virus variants within reactive T cell epitopes were synthesized and examined by ELISpot for evidence of escape, defined as ≥50% difference in T cell magnitude between peptide variants.
No correlations were observed between the size of the latent HIV reservoir and either HIV-specific T cell breadth (1–19 epitopes) or magnitude (156–2855 SFU/M PBMCs). T cell escape was assessed in 17 participants. 39% of reactive T cell epitopes (48/124) harbored ≥1 amino acid variants in the sequenced latent reservoir. Of those 48, 20 afforded T cell escape, providing an overall escape frequency in the reservoir of 16% (20/124).
These data show that the majority of replication competent latent HIV viruses do not harbor CD8 T cell escape mutants, suggesting that immunotherapy approaches that boost CD8 T cell responses can successfully target the latent reservoir in HIV curative and or remission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yinyan Xu
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - Julia Sung
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nadia Roan
- 2University of California - San Francisco
| | | | - JoAnn Kuruc
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Cindy Gay
- 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Sung J, Walker B, Clohosey M, Kirchherr J, Xu Y, Warren J, Archin N, Goonetilleke N, Margolis D. Adoptive T cell as a strategy for targeted delivery of immune checkpoint therapy. J Virus Erad 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Clutton G, Xu Y, Baldoni PL, Mollan KR, Kirchherr J, Newhard W, Cox K, Kuruc JD, Kashuba A, Barnard R, Archin N, Gay CL, Hudgens MG, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N. The differential short- and long-term effects of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents on T cell function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30749. [PMID: 27480951 PMCID: PMC4969750 DOI: 10.1038/srep30749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary success of HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy in prolonging life, infected individuals face lifelong therapy because of a reservoir of latently-infected cells that harbor replication competent virus. Recently, compounds have been identified that can reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo. These latency- reversing agents (LRAs) could make latently-infected cells vulnerable to clearance by immune cells, including cytolytic CD8+ T cells. We investigated the effects of two leading LRA classes on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function: the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and protein kinase C modulators (PKCms). We observed that relative to HDACis, the PKCms induced much stronger T cell activation coupled with non-specific cytokine production and T cell proliferation. When examining antigen-specific CD8+ T cell function, all the LRAs except the HDACi Vorinostat reduced, but did not abolish, one or more measurements of CD8+ T cell function. Importantly, the extent and timing of these effects differed between LRAs. Panobinostat had detrimental effects within 10 hours of drug treatment, whereas the effects of the other LRAs were observed between 48 hours and 5 days. These observations suggest that scheduling of LRA and CD8+ T cell immunotherapy regimens may be critical for optimal clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clutton
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P L Baldoni
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - K R Mollan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Kirchherr
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - W Newhard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J D Kuruc
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Barnard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N Archin
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C L Gay
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - D M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - N Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Pavlicek JW, Chen S, Hopper J, Kirchherr J, Gao F. P20-03. Identification of low frequency genetic variants during acute and early infection by parallel-allele specific sequencing. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767885 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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