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Lee MK, Dahl ZT, Anderton J, Maurer JL, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Weinberg SM. Bent pinkies: Quantifying fifth finger clinodactyly in a sample of U.S. adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271734. [PMID: 35857799 PMCID: PMC9299322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild curvature of the fifth finger (or clinodactyly) is a relatively common trait. While severe forms can cause functional impairment and are a feature of certain congenital syndromes, mild clinodactyly is considered a minor morphological variant. Despite exhibiting continuous variation, clinodactyly is rarely treated as a quantitative trait. Consequently, the degree of fifth finger curvature in the general population and the factors that impact this curvature are not well understood. In the present study, we measured fifth finger curvature in a sample of 1,295 U.S. adults and investigated the role of sex, age and body size. We found that clinodactyly exhibited a non-normal distribution. All participants displayed some degree of curvature, but it tended to be slight with an overall mean of 3.68 degrees (median: 3.58 degrees). In only 0.8% of cases did the curvature exceed the nominal 10-degree threshold for clinically meaningful clinodactyly. We did not find statically significant sex differences. Further, there was no meaningful relationship with height and only a weak positive relationship with age. We found that clinodactyly showed asymmetry; the curvature was greater on the left than on the right fifth finger (p < 2.2e-16), but this was not influenced by sex, age, or height. These results suggest the possibility that the kind of ubiquitous mild clinodactyly observed in the general population may be etiologically distinct from more rare and severe forms of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Keun Lee
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Zelda T. Dahl
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Joel Anderton
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Maurer
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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McNeil DW, Hayes SE, Randall CL, Polk DE, Neiswanger K, Shaffer JR, Weyant RJ, Foxman B, Kao E, Crout RJ, Chapman S, Brown LJ, Maurer JL, Marazita ML. Depression and Rural Environment are Associated With Poor Oral Health Among Pregnant Women in Northern Appalachia. Behav Modif 2015; 40:325-40. [PMID: 26643277 DOI: 10.1177/0145445515615353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Both oral health problems and depression among pregnant women contribute to maternal-infant health outcomes. Little is known, however, about the potential effects of clinically significant depression on the oral health status of pregnant women. The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of clinically significant depression and rural- or urban-dwelling status on oral health outcomes among pregnant women. Pregnant women (N = 685) in rural (i.e., West Virginia) and urban (i.e., Pittsburgh, PA) areas of northern Appalachia were assessed by calibrated examiners regarding gingivitis, oral hygiene, and DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth), completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and provided demographics. Participants were categorized based on clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) and rural/urban domicile. Women with depression and those living in rural areas had worse oral health on all three indices than their non-depressed and urban counterparts. Depression, particularly among women in rural areas, affects certain oral health indices and represents a modifiable target for intervention. Moreover, treatments designed specifically for rural populations may be of particular utility. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant may benefit from regular depression screenings from their dental and medical health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W McNeil
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Sarah E Hayes
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Cameron L Randall
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Deborah E Polk
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathy Neiswanger
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Weyant
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kao
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Richard J Crout
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Stella Chapman
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Linda J Brown
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia
| | - Jennifer L Maurer
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Neiswanger K, McNeil DW, Foxman B, Govil M, Cooper ME, Weyant RJ, Shaffer JR, Crout RJ, Simhan HN, Beach SR, Chapman S, Zovko JG, Brown LJ, Strotmeyer SJ, Maurer JL, Marazita ML. Oral Health in a Sample of Pregnant Women from Northern Appalachia (2011-2015). Int J Dent 2015; 2015:469376. [PMID: 26089906 PMCID: PMC4451284 DOI: 10.1155/2015/469376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chronic poor oral health has a high prevalence in Appalachia, a large region in the eastern USA. The Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) has been enrolling pregnant women and their babies since 2011 in the COHRA2 study of genetic, microbial, and environmental factors involved in oral health in Northern Appalachia. Methods. The COHRA2 protocol is presented in detail, including inclusion criteria (healthy, adult, pregnant, US Caucasian, English speaking, and nonimmunocompromised women), recruiting (two sites: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, USA), assessments (demographic, medical, dental, psychosocial/behavioral, and oral microbial samples and DNA), timelines (longitudinal from pregnancy to young childhood), quality control, and retention rates. Results. Preliminary oral health and demographic data are presented in 727 pregnant women, half from the greater Pittsburgh region and half from West Virginia. Despite similar tooth brushing and flossing habits, COHRA2 women in West Virginia have significantly worse oral health than the Pittsburgh sample. Women from Pittsburgh are older and more educated and have less unemployment than the West Virginia sample. Conclusions. We observed different prevalence of oral health and demographic variables between pregnant women from West Virginia (primarily rural) and Pittsburgh (primarily urban). These observations suggest site-specific differences within Northern Appalachia that warrant future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Neiswanger
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- School of Dentistry, Department of Dental Practice & Rural Health, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, P.O. Box 6040, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Manika Govil
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Margaret E. Cooper
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Robert J. Weyant
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Dental Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Richard J. Crout
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Periodontics, West Virginia University, Room G110-B HSC, N. Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Hyagriv N. Simhan
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott R. Beach
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- University Center for Social and Urban Research, 3343 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stella Chapman
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- School of Dentistry, Department of Dental Practice & Rural Health, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, P.O. Box 6040, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jayme G. Zovko
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Linda J. Brown
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- School of Dentistry, Department of Dental Practice & Rural Health, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, P.O. Box 6040, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Stephen J. Strotmeyer
- University Center for Social and Urban Research, 3343 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Maurer
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point Suite 500, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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