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García-Martínez J, Caño-Carrillo I, Gilbert-López B, Bouza M, Beneito-Cambra M, Franzke J, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF. Miniaturized flexible micro-tube plasma ionization source for the effective ionization of non-easily ionizable pesticides in food with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 274:126011. [PMID: 38574537 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we have studied the potential of flexible microtube plasma (FμTP) as ionization source for the liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry detection of non-easily ionizable pesticides (viz. nonpolar and non-ionizable by acid/basic moieties). Phthalimide-related compounds such as dicofol, dinocap, o-phenylphenol, captan, captafol, folpet and their metabolites were studied. Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) was examined using two electrode configurations, including the miniaturized one based on a single high-voltage (HV) electrode and a virtual ground electrode configuration (FμTP), and also the two-ring electrode DBDI configuration. Different ionization pathways were observed to ionize these challenging, non-easily ionizable nonpolar compounds, involving nucleophilic substitutions and proton abstraction, with subtle differences in the spectra obtained compared with APCI. An average sensitivity increase of 5-fold was attained compared with the standard APCI source. In addition, more tolerance with matrix effects was observed in both DBDI sources. The importance of the data reported is not just limited to the sensitivity enhancement compared to APCI, but, more notably, to the ability to effectively ionize nonpolar, late-eluting (in reverse-phase chromatography) non-ionizable compounds. Besides o-phenylphenol ([M - H]-), all the parent species were efficiently ionized through different mechanisms involving bond cleavages through the effect of plasma reagent species or its combination with thermal degradation and subsequent ionization. This tool can be used to figure out overlooked nonpolar compounds in different environmental samples of societal interest through non-target screening (NTS) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio García-Martínez
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Irene Caño-Carrillo
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Marcos Bouza
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Miriam Beneito-Cambra
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften -ISAS- e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- University of Jaén, Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B3, 23071, Jaén, Spain; University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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Bouza M, Foest D, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Enhanced Compound Analysis Using Reactive Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: Leveraging Schiff Base Reaction for Amino Acid Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5289-5297. [PMID: 38507224 PMCID: PMC10993198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) has evolved into a promising tool for monitoring reactions in thin films and microdroplets, known as reactive PS, alongside its established role in ambient and direct ionization. This study addresses the need for rapid, cost-effective methods to improve analyte identification in biofluids by leveraging reactive PS-MS in clinical chemistry environments. The technique has proven effective in derivatizing target analytes, altering hydrophobicity to enhance elution and ionization efficiency, and refining detection through thin-film reactions on paper, significantly expediting reaction rates by using amino acids (AAs) as model analytes. These molecules are prone to interacting with substrates like paper, impeding elution and detection. Additionally, highly abundant species in biofluids, such as lipids, often suppress AA ionization. This study employs the Schiff base (SB) reaction utilizing aromatic aldehydes for AA derivatization to optimize reaction conditions time, temperature, and catalyst presence and dramatically increasing the conversion ratio (CR) of formed SB. For instance, using leucine as a model AA, the CR surged from 57% at room temperature to 89% at 70 °C, with added pyridine during and after 7.5 min, displaying a 43% CR compared to the bulk reaction. Evaluation of various aromatic aldehydes as derivatization agents highlighted the importance of specific oxygen substituents for achieving higher conversion rates. Furthermore, diverse derivatization agents unveiled unique fragmentation pathways, aiding in-depth annotation of the target analyte. Successfully applied to quantify AAs in human and rat plasma, this reactive PS-MS approach showcases promising potential in efficiently detecting conventionally challenging compounds in PS-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Daniel Foest
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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Bouza M, Ahlmann N, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Solvent-Assisted Laser Desorption Flexible Microtube Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Direct Analysis of Dried Samples on Paper. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18370-18378. [PMID: 37902451 PMCID: PMC10733904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential for solvent-assisted laser desorption coupled with flexible microtube plasma ionization mass spectrometry (SALD-FμTP-MS) as a rapid analytical technique for direct analysis of surface-deposited samples. Paper was used as the demonstrative substrate, and an infrared hand-held laser was employed for sample desorption, aiming to explore cost-effective sampling and analysis methods. SALD-FμTP-MS offers several advantages, particularly for biofluid analysis, including affordability, the ability to analyze low sample volumes (<10 μL), expanded chemical coverage, sample and substrate stability, and in situ analysis and high throughput potential. The optimization process involved exploring the use of viscous solvents with high boiling points as liquid matrices. This approach aimed to enhance desorption and ionization efficiencies. Ethylene glycol (EG) was identified as a suitable solvent, which not only improved sensitivity but also ensured substrate stability during analysis. Furthermore, the addition of cosolvents such as acetonitrile/water (1:1) and ethyl acetate further enhanced sensitivity and reproducibility for a standard solution containing amphetamine, imazalil, and cholesterol. Optimized conditions for reproducible and sensitive analysis were determined as 1000 ms of laser exposure time using a 1 μL solvent mixture of 60% EG and 40% acetonitrile (ACN)/water (1:1). A mixture of 60% EG and 40% ACN/water (1:1) resulted in signal enhancements and relative standard deviations of 12, 20, and 13% for the evaluated standards, respectively. The applicability of SALD-FμTP-MS was further evaluated by successfully analyzing food, water, and biological samples, highlighting the potential of SALD-FμTP-MS analysis, particularly for thermolabile and polarity diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Bouza M, Ahmed E, Rocío-Bautista P, Brandt S, Franzke J, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Donald WA. Ion Heating in Advanced Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ion Sources for Ambient Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023. [PMID: 37231669 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) are highly versatile plasma sources for forming ions at atmospheric pressure and near ambient temperatures for the rapid, direct, and sensitive analysis of molecules by mass spectrometry (MS). Ambient ion sources should ideally form intact ions, as in-source fragmentation can limit sensitivity, increase spectral complexity, and hinder interpretation. Here, we report the measurement of ion internal energy distributions for the four primary classes of DBD-based ion sources, specifically DBD ionization (DBDI), low-temperature plasma (LTP), flexible microtube plasma (FμTP), and active capillary plasma ionization (ACaPI), in addition to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using para-substituted benzylammonium thermometer ions. Surprisingly, the average extent of energy deposited by the use of ACaPI (90.6 kJ mol-1) was ∼40 kJ mol-1 lower than the other ion sources (DBDI, LTP, FμTP, and APCI; 130.2 to 134.1 kJ mol-1) in their conventional configurations, and slightly higher than electrospray ionization (80.8 kJ mol-1). The internal energy distributions did not depend strongly on the sample introduction conditions (i.e., the use of different solvents and sample vaporization temperatures) or the DBD plasma conditions (i.e., maximum applied voltage). By positioning the DBDI, LTP, and FμTP plasma jets on axis with the capillary entrance to the mass spectrometer, the extent of internal energy deposition could be reduced by up to 20 kJ mol-1, although at the expense of sensitivity. Overall, the use of an active capillary-based DBD can result in substantially less fragmentation of ions with labile bonds than alternate DBD sources and APCI with comparably high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Ezaz Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Priscilla Rocío-Bautista
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS─Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS─Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Foest D, Knodel A, Ahrends R, Coman C, Franzke J, Brandt S. Flexible Microtube Plasma for the Consecutive-Ionization of Cholesterol in Nano-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is an established method for the identification of biomarkers. By nano-ESI (nESI), the polar molecular fraction of complex biological samples can be successfully ionized. In contrast, the less-polar free cholesterol, which serves as an important biomarker for several human diseases, is barely accessible by nESI. Although, complex scan functions of modern high-resolution MS devices are able to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, they are limited by the ionization efficiency of the nESI. One possible method to increase the ionization efficiency is the derivatization with acetyl chloride, however interferences with cholesteryl esters must be considered, so chromatographic separation or complex scan functions may be required. A novel approach to increase the yield of cholesterol ions of the nESI could be the application of a second consecutive-ionization process. This publication presents the flexible microtube plasma (FμTP) as a consecutive-ionization source, which allows the determination of cholesterol in nESI-MS analysis. Focusing on the analytical performance, the nESI-FμTP approach increases the cholesterol signal yield in a complex liver extract by a factor of 49. The repeatability and long-term stability could be successfully evaluated. A linear dynamic range of 1.7 orders of magnitude, a minimum detectability of 5.46 mg/L, and a high accuracy (deviation, -8.1%) demonstrates the nESI-FμTP-MS as an excellent approach for a derivatization-free determination of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Foest
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Knodel
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Coman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Miniaturisation, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften─ISAS─e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mechanisms: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Case of Study. Anal Chem 2022; 95:854-861. [PMID: 36538370 PMCID: PMC9850405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) is a versatile tool for small-molecule mass spectrometry applications, helping cover from polar to low polar molecules. However, the plasma gas-phase interactions are highly complex and have been scarcely investigated. The ionization mechanisms of plasmas have long been assumed to be somewhat similar to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Here, we evaluated the ionization mechanisms of a two-ring DBDI ion source, using different discharge gases to analyze vaporized liquid samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as model analytes to assess the mechanisms' dominance: protonation, [M + H]+, or radical ion species formation, [M]·+. In the present work, two different ionization trends were observed for APCI and DBDI during the PAH analysis; the compounds with proton affinities (PA) over 856 kJ/mol were detected as [M + H]+ when APCI was used as ionization source. Meanwhile, independently of the PA, DBDI showed the prevalence of charge exchange reactions. The addition of dopants in the gas-phase region shifted the ionization mechanisms toward charge exchange reactions, facilitating the formation of [M]·+ ion species, showing anisole a significant boost of the PAH radical ion species signals, over nine times for Ar-Prop-DBDI analysis. The presence of high-energy metastable atoms (e.g., HeM) with high ionization potentials (IE = 19.80 eV) did not show boosted PAH abundances or extensive molecule fragmentation. Moreover, other species in the plasma jet region with closer and more appropriate IE, such as N2 B3Πg excited molecules, are likely responsible for PAH Penning ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain,. Phone: +34 953 212758
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139Dortmund, Germany,. Phone: +49 0231 1392-174
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Bouza M, García-Martínez J, Gilbert-López B, Moreno-González D, Rocío-Bautista P, Parras-Guijarro D, Sánchez-Vizcaino A, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Liquid Chromatography-Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the analysis of neutral lipids of archaeological interest. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3105-3114. [PMID: 35801641 PMCID: PMC9544991 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge ionization has gained attention in the last few years due to its versatility and the vast array of molecules that can be ionized. In this study, we report on the assessment of liquid chromatography coupled to dielectric barrier discharge ionization with mass spectrometry for neutral lipid analysis. A set of different neutral lipid subclasses (triacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and sterols) were selected for the study. The main species detected from our ionization source were [M‐H2O+H]+, [M+H]+ or [M‐R‐H2O+H]+, attributed to sterol dehydration, protonation or the fragmentation of an acyl chain accompanied by a water loss of the glycerolipids, respectively. In terms of sensitivity, the dielectric barrier discharge displayed overall improved abundances and comparable or better limits of quantitation than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for both acylglycerols and sterols. As a case study, different archaeological samples with variable content in neutral lipids, particularly triacylglycerides, were studied. The identification was carried out by combining accurate mass and the tentative formula associated with the exact mass, retention time matching with standards, and additional structural information from in‐source fragmentation. The high degree of unsaturation and the presence of sterols revealed the potential vegetal origin of the material stored in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Julio García-Martínez
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain.,University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Priscilla Rocío-Bautista
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - David Parras-Guijarro
- University Research Institute for Iberian Archaeology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Vizcaino
- University Research Institute for Iberian Archaeology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS-Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain.,University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain.,University Research Institute for Iberian Archaeology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain.,University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS-Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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Foest D, Knodel A, Brandt S, Franzke J. Coupling paper spray ionization with the flexible microtube plasma for the determination of low polar biomarkers in mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1201:339619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Knodel A, Marggraf U, Hoffmann-Posorske E, Burhenn S, Brandt S, Ahlmann N, Foest D, Lorenz K, Franzke J. Pulsed Blue Laser Diode Thermal Desorption Microplasma Imaging Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2022; 33:45-53. [PMID: 34856796 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An ambient air laser desorption, plasma ionization imaging method is developed and presented using a microsecond pulsed laser diode for desorption and a flexible microtube plasma for ionization of the neutral desorbate. Inherent parameters such as the laser repetition rate and pulse width are optimized to the imaging application. For the desorption substrate, copper spots on a copper-glass sandwich structure are used. This novel design enables imaging without ablating the metal into the mass spectrometer. On this substrate, fixed calibration markers are used to decrease the positioning error in the imaging process, featuring a 3D offset correction within the experiment. The image is both screened spot-by-spot and per line scanning at a constant speed, which allows direct comparison. In spot-by-spot scanning, a novel algorithm is presented to unfold and to reconstruct the imaging data. This approach significantly decreases the time required for the imaging process, which allows imaging even at decreased sampling rates and thus higher mass resolution. After the experiment, the raw data is automatically converted and interpreted by a second algorithm, which allows direct visualization of the image from the data, even on low-intensity signals. Mouse liver microtome cuts have been screened for dehydrated cholesterol, proving good agreement of the unfolded data with the morphology of the tissue. The method optically resolves 30 μm, with 30 μm diameter copper spots and a 10 μm gap. No conventional chemical matrices or vacuum conditions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Knodel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edeltraut Hoffmann-Posorske
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Burhenn
- Experimental Physics II, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Foest
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Moreno-González D, Castilla-Fernández D, Vogel P, Niu G, Brandt S, Drees C, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Evaluation of a novel controlled-atmosphere flexible microtube plasma soft ionization source for the determination of BTEX in olive oil by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338835. [PMID: 34535252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although electron impact ionization (EI) remains the standard ionization source for GC-MS, it presents extensive fragmentation as its main limitation. The potential of a novel plasma-based soft ionization source named controlled-atmosphere flexible microtube plasma (CA-FμTP) has been evaluated in this work for the determination of monoaromatic volatile BTEX group (namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m- and p-xylenes) in olive oil, based on headspace technique. The obtained results show an attractive advantage over EI due to no fragmentation was observed. A nitrosated ion [M + NO]+ is obtained as the most abundant species. Thus, the BTEX mass spectrum identification can be carried out without major effort. In general, the sensitivity for CA-FμTP was comparable to those obtained by EI, achieving LODs ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 μg kg-1. The potential usefulness of GC-CA-FμTP-MS for the detection of BTEX was demonstrated by analyzing olive oil samples and identifying traces of these compounds in one sample. Therefore, the proposed plasma-based soft ionization is suitable for BTEX analysis in fatty complex matrixes as olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-González
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany; Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Delia Castilla-Fernández
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pascal Vogel
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
| | - Guanghui Niu
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
| | - Carolin Drees
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain; Center for Advanced Studies in Olives Grove and Olive Oils (CEAOAO), Science and Technology Park GEOLIT, 23620, Mengíbar, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
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Knodel A, Foest D, Brandt S, Ahlmann N, Marggraf U, Gilbert-López B, Franzke J. Detection and Evaluation of Lipid Classes and Other Hydrophobic Compounds Using a Laser Desorption/Plasma Ionization Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15212-15220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Knodel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Foest
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Beneito-Cambra M, Gilbert-López B, Moreno-González D, Bouza M, Franzke J, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Ambient (desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry methods for pesticide testing in food: a review. Anal Methods 2020; 12:4831-4852. [PMID: 33000770 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry refers to the family of techniques that allows ions to be generated from condensed phase samples under ambient conditions and then, collected and analysed by mass spectrometry. One of their key advantages relies on their ability to allow the analysis of samples with minimal to no sample workup. This feature maps well to the requirements of food safety testing, in particular, those related to the fast determination of pesticide residues in foods. This review discusses the application of different ambient ionization methods for the qualitative and (semi)quantitative determination of pesticides in foods, with the focus on different specific methods used and their ionization mechanisms. More popular techniques used are those commercially available including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI-MS), direct analysis on real time (DART-MS), paper spray (PS-MS) and low-temperature plasma (LTP-MS). Several applications described with ambient MS have reported limits of quantitation approaching those of reference methods, typically based on LC-MS and generic sample extraction procedures. Some of them have been combined with portable mass spectrometers thus allowing "in situ" analysis. In addition, these techniques have the ability to map surfaces (ambient MS imaging) to unravel the distribution of agrochemicals on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Beneito-Cambra
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Drees C, Schütz A, Niu G, Franzke J, Vautz W, Brandt S. Stepwise optimization of a Flexible Microtube Plasma (FµTP) as an ionization source for Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1127:89-97. [PMID: 32800141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ionization source is the central system of analytical devices such as mass spectrometers or ion mobility spectrometers. In this study, a recently developed flexible microtube plasma (FμTP) is applied as an ionization source for a custom-made drift tube ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) for the first time. The FµTP is based on a highly miniaturized, robust and a small-footprint dielectric barrier discharge design with an outstanding ionization efficiency. In this study, the experimental setup of the FµTP was further improved upon to achieve optimal coupling conditions in terms of the ion mobility spectrometry sensitivity and the plasma gas consumption. One major focus of this study was the adjustment of the electrical operation parameters, in particular, the high voltage amplitude, frequency and duty cycle, in order to minimize the electric field disturbances and yield higher signals. Additionally, the consumption of helium plasma gas was reduced by refining the FµTP. It was found that the ionization efficiency could be significantly enhanced by increasing the plasma high voltage and through application of a duty cycle up to 90:10. Plasma gas flows could be reduced down to 3 mL min-1 by increasing the plasma high voltage amplitude. Furthermore, a smaller wire electrode design enables the operation of the FµTP with nitrogen and clean air. Moreover, detection limits of a homologous series of ketones in the range of 330 pptv (N2-FµTP, 2-decanone) down to 20 pptv (He-FµTP, 2-octanone) could be reached in the optimized setup. To sum up, this feasibility study demonstrates the potential of the optimized FµTP as a powerful ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry especially with regard to ionization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Drees
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guanghui Niu
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; ION-GAS GmbH, Konrad-Adenauer-Allee 11, 44263, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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Vogel P, Lazarou C, Gazeli O, Brandt S, Franzke J, Moreno-González D. Study of Controlled Atmosphere Flexible Microtube Plasma Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds as Potential Biomarkers in Saliva for Cancer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9722-9729. [PMID: 32579344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new soft ionization device for mass spectrometry is presented using the flexible microtube plasma under controlled atmospheric conditions. The controlled atmosphere flexible microtube plasma consists of the plasma source itself connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer using a borosilicate glass cross piece. Controlled atmosphere, for example, nitrogen and/or an oxygen mixture, is introduced to the system to create a clean ionization environment. Reproducibility issues are discussed, and solutions are presented manipulating the gas flow in the cross piece. A proof of concept is shown using a ketone mixture introduced to the mass spectrometer to optimize atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, application of the presented device for the sensitive and nonfragmenting ionization of volatile organic biomarkers relevant for cancer is carried out. Sample treatment for human saliva is described, and relevant candidate biomarkers are measured in the saliva matrix, showing a very good ionization efficiency and neglectable matrix effects with limits of detection below 80 ppt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Constantinos Lazarou
- FOSS Research Centre for Sustainable Energy, PV Technology, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Street, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Odhisea Gazeli
- FOSS Research Centre for Sustainable Energy, PV Technology, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Street, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - David Moreno-González
- ISAS-Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen Kirchhoff Strasse 11, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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Knodel A, Marggraf U, Ahlmann N, Brandt S, Foest D, Gilbert-López B, Franzke J. Standardization of Sandwich-Structured Cu–Glass Substrates Embedded in a Flexible Diode Laser–Plasma Interface for the Detection of Cholesterol. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4663-4671. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Knodel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Foest
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif. B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Greda K, Burhenn S, Pohl P, Franzke J. Enhancement of emission from indium in flowing liquid anode atmospheric pressure glow discharge using organic media. Talanta 2019; 204:304-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gyr L, Klute FD, Franzke J, Zenobi R. Characterization of a Nitrogen-Based Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Source for Mass Spectrometry Reveals Factors Important for Soft Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6865-6871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix D. Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Vogel P, Marggraf U, Brandt S, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Analyte-Tailored Controlled Atmosphere Improves Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3733-3739. [PMID: 30672695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma sources in atmospheric pressure soft-ionization mass spectrometry have gained significant interest in recent years. As many of these sources are used under ambient air conditions, their interaction with the surrounding atmosphere plays an important role in the ionization pathway. This study focuses on the interaction between the plasma source and the surrounding atmosphere by connecting the plasma source to the mass spectrometer using a 2 mm ID closed reactant capillary supplied by a reactant gas up to 500 mL per minute to gain a controlled atmosphere. Different reactant gases (Ar, He, O2, and N2) and reactant gas mixtures are tested with regard to the DBDI performance and then used to improve the ionization efficiency. Tailoring the controlled atmosphere for a certain analyte, for example, perfluorinated compounds, leads to significantly improved limits of detection up to 2 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group , University of Jaén , Campus Las Lagunillas , 23071 Jaén , Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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Gilbert-López B, Lara-Ortega FJ, Robles-Molina J, Brandt S, Schütz A, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Detection of multiclass explosives and related compounds in soil and water by liquid chromatography-dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4785-4796. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Marggraf U, Drees C, Vogel P, Vautz W, Franzke J. Flexible Microtube Plasma (FμTP) as an Embedded Ionization Source for a Microchip Mass Spectrometer Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10111-10116. [PMID: 30063325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharges are used as soft ionization sources for mass spectrometers or ion mobility spectrometers, enabling excellent possibilities for analytical applications. A new robust and small-footprint discharge design, flexible microtube plasma (FμTP), developed as a result of ongoing miniaturization and electrode design processes, is presented in this work. This design provides major safety benefits by fitting the electrode into an inert flexible fused silica capillary (tube). Notably, in this context, the small discharge dimensions enable very low gas flows in the range of <100 mL min-1; portability; the use of hydrogen, nitrogen, and air in addition to noble gases such as helium and argon, including its mixtures with propane; and application in microchip environments. By coupling FμTP with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we show that the polarity principle of the new discharge design allows it to outperform established ionization sources such as dielectric barrier discharge for soft ionization (DBDI) and low-temperature plasma (LTP) at low concentrations of perfluoroalkanes in terms of sensitivity, ionization efficiency, chemical background, linear dynamic range, and limit of detection by a large margin. In negative ion mode, the limit of detection is improved by more than 3-fold compared with that of DBDI and by 8-fold compared with that of LTP. The protonation capability was evaluated by headspace measurements of diisopropyl methylphosphonate in positive ion mode, showing low fragmentation and high stability in comparison to DBDI and LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Carolin Drees
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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Vautz W, Franzke J, Zampolli S, Elmi I, Liedtke S. On the potential of ion mobility spectrometry coupled to GC pre-separation – A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lara-Ortega FJ, Robles-Molina J, Brandt S, Schütz A, Gilbert-López B, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Use of dielectric barrier discharge ionization to minimize matrix effects and expand coverage in pesticide residue analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1020:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hagenhoff S, Korf A, Markgraf U, Brandt S, Schütz A, Franzke J, Hayen H. Screening of semifluorinated n-alkanes by gas chromatography coupled to dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:1092-1098. [PMID: 29660193 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The potential of an atmospheric pressure ionization source based on a dielectric barrier discharge in helium for the hyphenation of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/DBDI-MS) has been demonstrated only recently and for a limited range of compounds. Due to its 'soft' ionization properties and the possibility to choose from a variety of atmospheric pressure ionization MS instruments, GC/DBDI-MS has the potential to be an interesting alternative to 'classic' GC/MS techniques. METHODS The hyphenation of GC with DBDI-MS at atmospheric pressure is used for the determination of semifluorinated n-alkanes in ski wax samples. RESULTS Different to perfluorinated n-alkanes, which are typically detected as [M - F + O]- and [M - F]- , semifluorinated n-alkanes can be detected both in positive mode as [M - 3H + nO]+ and [M - H + nO]+ (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3) ions, as well as in negative mode as a fragment ion representing the fluorinated part of the respective semifluorinated n-alkane. The method allowed the sensitive detection of semifluorinated n-alkanes with achievable limits of detection (LODs) in the single digit pg range injected on column. To examine the applicability of the GC/DBDI-MS method, semifluorinated n-alkanes were determined in fluorinated ski waxes. Results were confirmed by complimentary GC/electron ionization MS measurements. CONCLUSIONS The unique SFA ionization patterns serve for complementary unambiguous identification of semifluorinated n-alkane species in positive mode and screening of contained n-alkanes fluorinated chain lengths in negative mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hagenhoff
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ansgar Korf
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ullrich Markgraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Liedtke S, Seifert L, Ahlmann N, Hariharan C, Franzke J, Vautz W. Coupling laser desorption with gas chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry for improved olive oil characterisation. Food Chem 2018; 255:323-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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25
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Burhenn S, Kratzer J, Svoboda M, Klute FD, Michels A, Veža D, Franzke J. Spatially and Temporally Resolved Detection of Arsenic in a Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge by Hydride Generation High-Resolved Optical Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3424-3429. [PMID: 29457722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new method for arsenic detection by optical emission spectrometry (OES) is presented. Arsine (AsH3) is generated from liquid solutions by means of hydride generation (HG) and introduced into a capillary dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) where it is atomized and excited. A great challenge in OES is the reduction of the recorded background signal, because it negatively affects the limit of detection (LOD). In conventional DBD/OES methods, the signal intensity of the line of interest, in this case arsenic, is integrated over a long time scale. However, due to the pulsed character of the plasma, the plasma on-time is only a small fraction of the integration time. Therefore, a high amount of noise is added to the actual signal in each discharge cycle. To circumvent this, in the present study the emitted light from the DBD is collected by a fast gated iCCD camera, which is mounted on a modified monochromator. The experimental arrangement enables the recording of the emission signal of arsenic in the form of a monochromatic 2D-resolved picture. The temporal resolution of the iCCD camera in the nanosecond range provides the information at which point in time and how long arsenic is excited in the discharge. With use of this knowledge, it is possible to integrate only the arsenic emission by temporally isolating the signal from the background. With the presented method, the LOD for arsenic could be determined to 93 pg mL-1 with a calibration curve linear over 4 orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the developed experimental approach has a potential for both mechanistic studies of arsine atomization and excitation in DBD plasmas as well as routine applications, in which arsenic determination at ultratrace levels is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Burhenn
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Jan Kratzer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Veveří 97 , 60200 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Svoboda
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Czech Academy of Sciences , Veveří 97 , 60200 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Damir Veža
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Bijenicka 32 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11 , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
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Schütz A, Lara-Ortega FJ, Klute FD, Brandt S, Schilling M, Michels A, Veza D, Horvatic V, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Soft Argon–Propane Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3537-3542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felipe J. Lara-Ortega
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Schilling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Damir Veza
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Gyr L, Wolf JC, Franzke J, Zenobi R. Mechanistic Understanding Leads to Increased Ionization Efficiency and Selectivity in Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Perfluorinated Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2725-2731. [PMID: 29356499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds have unique properties and many practical applications, but are difficult to ionize efficiently with soft ionization methods. An active capillary plasma ionization source based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) coupled with mass spectrometry was used to study the ionization pathway of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), with the aim of both increasing the ionization efficiency and influencing the selectivity for generating product ions in negative ion mode. Cyclic and linear perfluorinated alkanes were found to mainly form [M - F]- and [M - F + O]- ions, respectively; the [M]-• ion was only obtained at low discharge voltage. Additionally, fluorine attachment [M + F]- was observed mostly for perfluorinated alkenes. An isotope labeling experiment with 18O2 showed that the primary source of oxygen in the substitution reaction is molecular oxygen, reacting with the analyte in the form of O-• ions. The abundance of [M - F + O]- ions can thus be enhanced by increasing the plasma voltage to produce a higher O-• ion density. The loss of the fluorine (without substitution by oxygen) was mainly observed at high frequency, a fact which can be exploited for tuning the ionization toward specific product ions. Overall, the mechanistic understanding of the ionization of PFCs allowed to increase the selectivity of the product ions, resulting in increased ionization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Christoph Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Klute FD, Brandt S, Vogel P, Biskup B, Reininger C, Horvatic V, Vadla C, Farnsworth PB, Franzke J. Systematic Comparison between Half and Full Dielectric Barrier Discharges Based on the Low Temperature Plasma Probe (LTP) and Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Soft Ionization (DBDI) Configurations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9368-9374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix D. Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascal Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beatrix Biskup
- Experimental
Physics II - Reactive Plasmas, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Charlotte Reininger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | | | - Cedomil Vadla
- Institute of Physics, Bijenicka
46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paul B. Farnsworth
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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29
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Hagenhoff S, Franzke J, Hayen H. Determination of Peroxide Explosive TATP and Related Compounds by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DBDI-MS). Anal Chem 2017; 89:4210-4215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hagenhoff
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Brandt S, Klute FD, Schütz A, Franzke J. Dielectric barrier discharges applied for soft ionization and their mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 951:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Antweiler N, Gatberg S, Jestel G, Franzke J, Agar DW. Noninvasive Sensor for the Detection of Process Parameters for Multiphase Slug Flows in Microchannels. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Antweiler
- Department
of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sascha Gatberg
- Department
of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Günther Jestel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - David W. Agar
- Department
of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix David Klute
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sascha Liedtke
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Günter Jestel
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für
Analytische
Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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33
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Liedtke S, Ahlmann N, Marggraf U, Schütz A, Vautz W, Franzke J. Medium Vacuum Electron Emitter as Soft Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source for Organic Molecules. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5003-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Liedtke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vautz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische
Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strassw
11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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34
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Klute FD, Michels A, Schütz A, Vadla C, Horvatic V, Franzke J. Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge: Transition from Soft Ionization to Dissociative Plasma. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4701-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix David Klute
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schütz
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cedomil Vadla
- Institute of Physics, Bijenicka
46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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35
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36
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Klute FD, Schütz A, Michels A, Vadla C, Veza D, Horvatic V, Franzke J. An experimental study on the influence of trace impurities on ionization of atmospheric noble gas dielectric barrier discharges. Analyst 2016; 141:5842-5848. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Penning Ionisation of N2+ by collisions with of N2 with HeM and [C3H8]+ by collisions of C3H8 with ArM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. D. Klute
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften
- 44139 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - A. Schütz
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften
- 44139 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - A. Michels
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften
- 44139 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - C. Vadla
- Institute of Physics
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - D. Veza
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | - J. Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften
- 44139 Dortmund
- Germany
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schütz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sascha Liedtke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Foest
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marggraf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Brambach B, Michels A, Kettler R, Franzke J. Development of a calibration function for optimal transformation efficiencies of Escherichia coli C600 and Bacillus subtilis 168. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Antweiler N, Gatberg S, Franzke J, Agar DW. Neue kosteneffektive Mess- und Regeltechnik für das Numbering-up von reaktiven Pfropfenströmungen in Mikrokanälen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Krähling T, Michels A, Geisler S, Florek S, Franzke J. Investigations into Modeling and Further Estimation of Detection Limits of the Liquid Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5822-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krähling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straβe 11, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straβe 11, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Florek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straβe 9, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straβe 11, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
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41
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Horvatic V, Müller S, Veza D, Vadla C, Franzke J. Atmospheric Helium Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Soft Ionization: Determination of Atom Number Densities in the Lowest Excited and Metastable States. Anal Chem 2013; 86:857-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403518s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saskia Müller
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Damir Veza
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenicka
32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cedomil Vadla
- Institute
of Physics, Bijenicka
46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joachim Franzke
- ISAS—Leibniz
Institut für analytische Wissenschaften, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Abstract
The parameters influencing the combination of the dielectric barrier electrospray (DB-ES) with an ion trap mass spectrometer are investigated. Two approaches are presented: the application of different polarity cycles in the DB electrospray high voltage signal and the triggering of it to an output signal received by the mass spectrometer. Both approaches are addressed to improve the detection sensitivity over the sensitivity of conventional nano ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Reginskaya
- Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Meyer C, Müller S, Gilbert-Lopez B, Franzke J. Impact of homogeneous and filamentary discharge modes on the efficiency of dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4729-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gilbert-López B, Schilling M, Ahlmann N, Michels A, Hayen H, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Ambient Diode Laser Desorption Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Nonvolatile Chemicals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3174-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303452w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Schilling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norman Ahlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Antje Michels
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Department of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research
Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif.
B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F. García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research
Group (FQM-323), Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Edif.
B-3, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Gilbert-López B, Geltenpoth H, Meyer C, Michels A, Hayen H, Molina-Díaz A, García-Reyes JF, Franzke J. Performance of dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry for pesticide testing: a comparison with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:419-429. [PMID: 23280973 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The present study reports on the evaluation of dielectric barrier discharge microplasma ionization (DBDI) for liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) analyses of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. Ionization, fragmentation, analytical performance and matrix effects displayed by LC/DBDI-MS were critically evaluated and compared with both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray (ESI), using a set of over 40 representative multiclass pesticides. METHODS Sample preparation was accomplished using standard QuEChERS procedure and the identification and quantitation of the pesticides tested accomplished by means of LC/MS with a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT)-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer operated in full-scan positive ion mode using DBDI, APCI and ESI sources. RESULTS The developed LC/DBDI-MS method allowed the screening of 43 pesticides in three different vegetable matrices: apple, orange and tomato. Minor matrix effects (i.e. signal suppression or enhancement ≤20%) were observed in most of the studied compounds: 95%, 70% and 81% of the studied compounds showed minor matrix effects in extracts of apple, orange and tomato, respectively. The results of the analysis of spiked orange extracts showed that the sensitivity obtained with LC/DBDI-MS is appropriate for multi-residue analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) obtained for most of the studied pesticides were in compliance with the European Regulation 396/2005 (and subsequent updates) on food commodities (default maximum residue level of 10 µg kg(-1)). CONCLUSIONS Comparative studies with commercial sources demonstrate the suitability of DBDI as an ionization technique for residue analysis, because of the combination of the following two advantages: (1) the use of DBDI provides minimized matrix effects compared with APCI, and (2) improved the detection - in terms of sensitivity - of selected compounds that are not easily ionized by ESI, such as parathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Brambach BC, Michels A, Franzke J, Kettler R. Current density and conductivity dependent electroporation of Escherichia coli C600. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2012; 111:46-54. [PMID: 23274736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transformation and surviving of E. coli C600 have been evaluated in dependence on the electric field strength and current density by changing the conductivity of the bacteria suspension. In this context the impact of making bacteria electrocompetent and the addition of NaCl solution was examined. Transformation efficiency declines with increasing conductivity of the suspension. When washing bacteria differently, the transformation efficiency correlates with the number of survivors. In contrary, adding different concentrations of NaCl has no effect on the surviving of E. coli C600. In dependence on the electric field strength, the transformation efficiency shows no effect on changing the conductivity. Regarding the transformation efficiency in dependence of the current density, a clear shift of the transformation maximum was observed. For higher conductivities, higher current densities are needed to reach the transformation maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Brambach
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Miniaturisierung, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dormund, Germany
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Reginskaya I, Stark AK, Schilling M, Janasek D, Franzke J. Measured Effects of Various Electrolyte and Capillary Properties in Dielectric Barrier Electrospray Ionization: Development of a Comprehensive Model. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9015-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301027z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Reginskaya
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str.
6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stark
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str.
6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Schilling
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str.
6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str.
6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joachim Franzke
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften − ISAS − e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str.
6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Meyer C, Michels A, Franzke J, Molina-Díaz A, Hayen H. Simultaneous testing of multiclass organic contaminants in food and environment by liquid chromatography/dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012; 137:5403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35705d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hardelauf H, Frimat JP, Stewart JD, Schormann W, Chiang YY, Lampen P, Franzke J, Hengstler JG, Cadenas C, Kunz-Schughart LA, West J. Microarrays for the scalable production of metabolically relevant tumour spheroids: a tool for modulating chemosensitivity traits. Lab Chip 2011; 11:419-28. [PMID: 21079873 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of thin film poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) prints for the arrayed mass production of highly uniform 3-D human HT29 colon carcinoma spheroids. The spheroids have an organotypic density and, as determined by 3-axis imaging, were genuinely spherical. Critically, the array density impacts growth kinetics and can be tuned to produce spheroids ranging in diameter from 200 to 550 µm. The diffusive limit of competition for media occurred with a pitch of ≥1250 µm and was used for the optimal array-based culture of large, viable spheroids. During sustained culture mass transfer gradients surrounding and within the spheroids are established, and lead to growth cessation, altered expression patterns and the formation of a central secondary necrosis. These features reflect the microenvironment of avascularised tumours, making the array format well suited for the production of model tumours with defined sizes and thus defined spatio-temporal pathophysiological gradients. Experimental windows, before and after the onset of hypoxia, were identified and used with an enzyme activity-based viability assay to measure the chemosensitivity towards irinotecan. Compared to monolayer cultures, a marked reduction in the drug efficacy towards the different spheroid culture states was observed and attributed to cell cycle arrest, the 3-D character, scale and/or hypoxia factors. In summary, spheroid culture using the array format has great potential to support drug discovery and development, as well as tumour biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hardelauf
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Frimat JP, Becker M, Chiang YY, Marggraf U, Janasek D, Hengstler JG, Franzke J, West J. A microfluidic array with cellular valving for single cell co-culture. Lab Chip 2011; 11:231-7. [PMID: 20978708 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly parallel microfluidic approach for contacting single cell pairs. The approach combines a differential fluidic resistance trapping method with a novel cellular valving principle for homotypic and heterotypic single cell co-culturing. Differential fluidic resistance was used for sequential single cell arraying, with the adhesion and flattening of viable cells within the microstructured environment acting to produce valves in the open state. Reversal of the flow was used for the sequential single cell arraying of the second cell type. Plasma stencilling, along the linear path of least resistance, was required to confine the cells within the trap regions. Prime flow conditions with minimal shear stress were identified for highly efficient cell arraying (∼99%) and long term cell culture. Larger trap dimensions enabled the highest levels of cell pairing (∼70%). The single cell co-cultures were in close proximity for the formation of connexon structures and the study of contact modes of communication. The research further highlights the possibility of using the natural behaviour of cells as the working principle behind responsive microfluidic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Frimat
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany
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