1
|
Wiens RC, Maurice S, Robinson SH, Nelson AE, Cais P, Bernardi P, Newell RT, Clegg S, Sharma SK, Storms S, Deming J, Beckman D, Ollila AM, Gasnault O, Anderson RB, André Y, Michael Angel S, Arana G, Auden E, Beck P, Becker J, Benzerara K, Bernard S, Beyssac O, Borges L, Bousquet B, Boyd K, Caffrey M, Carlson J, Castro K, Celis J, Chide B, Clark K, Cloutis E, Cordoba EC, Cousin A, Dale M, Deflores L, Delapp D, Deleuze M, Dirmyer M, Donny C, Dromart G, George Duran M, Egan M, Ervin J, Fabre C, Fau A, Fischer W, Forni O, Fouchet T, Fresquez R, Frydenvang J, Gasway D, Gontijo I, Grotzinger J, Jacob X, Jacquinod S, Johnson JR, Klisiewicz RA, Lake J, Lanza N, Laserna J, Lasue J, Le Mouélic S, Legett C, Leveille R, Lewin E, Lopez-Reyes G, Lorenz R, Lorigny E, Love SP, Lucero B, Madariaga JM, Madsen M, Madsen S, Mangold N, Manrique JA, Martinez JP, Martinez-Frias J, McCabe KP, McConnochie TH, McGlown JM, McLennan SM, Melikechi N, Meslin PY, Michel JM, Mimoun D, Misra A, Montagnac G, Montmessin F, Mousset V, Murdoch N, Newsom H, Ott LA, Ousnamer ZR, Pares L, Parot Y, Pawluczyk R, Glen Peterson C, Pilleri P, Pinet P, Pont G, Poulet F, Provost C, Quertier B, Quinn H, Rapin W, Reess JM, Regan AH, Reyes-Newell AL, Romano PJ, Royer C, Rull F, Sandoval B, Sarrao JH, Sautter V, Schoppers MJ, Schröder S, Seitz D, Shepherd T, Sobron P, Dubois B, Sridhar V, Toplis MJ, Torre-Fdez I, Trettel IA, Underwood M, Valdez A, Valdez J, Venhaus D, Willis P. The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests. Space Sci Rev 2021; 217:4. [PMID: 33380752 PMCID: PMC7752893 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The SuperCam instrument suite provides the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, with a number of versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distance as well as within the robotic-arm workspace. These include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopies, and visible and infrared (VISIR; separately referred to as VIS and IR) reflectance spectroscopy. A remote micro-imager (RMI) provides high-resolution color context imaging, and a microphone can be used as a stand-alone tool for environmental studies or to determine physical properties of rocks and soils from shock waves of laser-produced plasmas. SuperCam is built in three parts: The mast unit (MU), consisting of the laser, telescope, RMI, IR spectrometer, and associated electronics, is described in a companion paper. The on-board calibration targets are described in another companion paper. Here we describe SuperCam's body unit (BU) and testing of the integrated instrument. The BU, mounted inside the rover body, receives light from the MU via a 5.8 m optical fiber. The light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and is routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245-340 and 385-465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometers, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam. The third is a high-efficiency transmission spectrometer containing an optical intensifier capable of gating exposures to 100 ns or longer, with variable delay times relative to the laser pulse. This spectrometer covers 535-853 nm ( 105 - 7070 cm - 1 Raman shift relative to the 532 nm green laser beam) with 12 cm - 1 full-width at half-maximum peak resolution in the Raman fingerprint region. The BU electronics boards interface with the rover and control the instrument, returning data to the rover. Thermal systems maintain a warm temperature during cruise to Mars to avoid contamination on the optics, and cool the detectors during operations on Mars. Results obtained with the integrated instrument demonstrate its capabilities for LIBS, for which a library of 332 standards was developed. Examples of Raman and VISIR spectroscopy are shown, demonstrating clear mineral identification with both techniques. Luminescence spectra demonstrate the utility of having both spectral and temporal dimensions. Finally, RMI and microphone tests on the rover demonstrate the capabilities of these subsystems as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvestre Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Cais
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pernelle Bernardi
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | - Sam Clegg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ryan B. Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - Yves André
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gorka Arana
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Pierre Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Louis Borges
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Bruno Bousquet
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kerry Boyd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Kepa Castro
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorden Celis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Baptiste Chide
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Clark
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | - Agnes Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Dromart
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Joan Ervin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Cecile Fabre
- GeoRessources, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Amaury Fau
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Fouchet
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Jacob
- Institut de mécanique des fluides de Toulouse (CNRS, INP, Univ. Toulouse), Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Jacquinod
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | | | - James Lake
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Nina Lanza
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Jeremie Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Le Mouélic
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes, France
| | - Carey Legett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Eric Lewin
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Ralph Lorenz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Eric Lorigny
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Soren Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Nicolas Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Mimoun
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Franck Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Paris, France
| | | | - Naomi Murdoch
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Logan A. Ott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Laurent Pares
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Parot
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Paolo Pilleri
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Pont
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Benjamin Quertier
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - William Rapin
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Reess
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - Amy H. Regan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Clement Royer
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Violaine Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Susanne Schröder
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seitz
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Université de Toulouse; UPS-OMP, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michael J. Toplis
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Valdez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Dawn Venhaus
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Peter Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lognonné P, Banerdt WB, Giardini D, Pike WT, Christensen U, Laudet P, de Raucourt S, Zweifel P, Calcutt S, Bierwirth M, Hurst KJ, Ijpelaan F, Umland JW, Llorca-Cejudo R, Larson SA, Garcia RF, Kedar S, Knapmeyer-Endrun B, Mimoun D, Mocquet A, Panning MP, Weber RC, Sylvestre-Baron A, Pont G, Verdier N, Kerjean L, Facto LJ, Gharakanian V, Feldman JE, Hoffman TL, Klein DB, Klein K, Onufer NP, Paredes-Garcia J, Petkov MP, Willis JR, Smrekar SE, Drilleau M, Gabsi T, Nebut T, Robert O, Tillier S, Moreau C, Parise M, Aveni G, Ben Charef S, Bennour Y, Camus T, Dandonneau PA, Desfoux C, Lecomte B, Pot O, Revuz P, Mance D, tenPierick J, Bowles NE, Charalambous C, Delahunty AK, Hurley J, Irshad R, Liu H, Mukherjee AG, Standley IM, Stott AE, Temple J, Warren T, Eberhardt M, Kramer A, Kühne W, Miettinen EP, Monecke M, Aicardi C, André M, Baroukh J, Borrien A, Bouisset A, Boutte P, Brethomé K, Brysbaert C, Carlier T, Deleuze M, Desmarres JM, Dilhan D, Doucet C, Faye D, Faye-Refalo N, Gonzalez R, Imbert C, Larigauderie C, Locatelli E, Luno L, Meyer JR, Mialhe F, Mouret JM, Nonon M, Pahn Y, Paillet A, Pasquier P, Perez G, Perez R, Perrin L, Pouilloux B, Rosak A, Savin de Larclause I, Sicre J, Sodki M, Toulemont N, Vella B, Yana C, Alibay F, Avalos OM, Balzer MA, Bhandari P, Blanco E, Bone BD, Bousman JC, Bruneau P, Calef FJ, Calvet RJ, D’Agostino SA, de los Santos G, Deen RG, Denise RW, Ervin J, Ferraro NW, Gengl HE, Grinblat F, Hernandez D, Hetzel M, Johnson ME, Khachikyan L, Lin JY, Madzunkov SM, Marshall SL, Mikellides IG, Miller EA, Raff W, Singer JE, Sunday CM, Villalvazo JF, Wallace MC, Banfield D, Rodriguez-Manfredi JA, Russell CT, Trebi-Ollennu A, Maki JN, Beucler E, Böse M, Bonjour C, Berenguer JL, Ceylan S, Clinton J, Conejero V, Daubar I, Dehant V, Delage P, Euchner F, Estève I, Fayon L, Ferraioli L, Johnson CL, Gagnepain-Beyneix J, Golombek M, Khan A, Kawamura T, Kenda B, Labrot P, Murdoch N, Pardo C, Perrin C, Pou L, Sauron A, Savoie D, Stähler S, Stutzmann E, Teanby NA, Tromp J, van Driel M, Wieczorek M, Widmer-Schnidrig R, Wookey J. SEIS: Insight's Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars. Space Sci Rev 2019; 215:12. [PMID: 30880848 PMCID: PMC6394762 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars' surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking's Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼ 200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars' surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Lognonné
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - W. B. Banerdt
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - D. Giardini
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W. T. Pike
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - U. Christensen
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P. Laudet
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - S. de Raucourt
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - P. Zweifel
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. Calcutt
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - M. Bierwirth
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. J. Hurst
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - F. Ijpelaan
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J. W. Umland
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. Llorca-Cejudo
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - S. A. Larson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. F. Garcia
- ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse University, 10 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - S. Kedar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - B. Knapmeyer-Endrun
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D. Mimoun
- ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse University, 10 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - A. Mocquet
- LPG Nantes, UMR6112, CNRS-Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - M. P. Panning
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. C. Weber
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA
| | - A. Sylvestre-Baron
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - G. Pont
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - N. Verdier
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - L. Kerjean
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - L. J. Facto
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - V. Gharakanian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. E. Feldman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - T. L. Hoffman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - D. B. Klein
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - K. Klein
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - N. P. Onufer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. Paredes-Garcia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. P. Petkov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. R. Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - S. E. Smrekar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. Drilleau
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - T. Gabsi
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - T. Nebut
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - O. Robert
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - S. Tillier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - C. Moreau
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - M. Parise
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - G. Aveni
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - S. Ben Charef
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - Y. Bennour
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - T. Camus
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, UMR5277 CNRS - Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 14, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - P. A. Dandonneau
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - C. Desfoux
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - B. Lecomte
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
- Present Address: Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - O. Pot
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
- Present Address: Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Acoustique, LMA - UMR 7031 AMU - CNRS - Centrale Marseille, 4 impasse Nikola Tesla, CS 40006, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - P. Revuz
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - D. Mance
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. tenPierick
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N. E. Bowles
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - C. Charalambous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A. K. Delahunty
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Present Address: Advanced Technology and Research, Arup, 13 Fitzroy Street, London, W1T 4BQ UK
| | - J. Hurley
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
| | - R. Irshad
- RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX UK
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Present Address: Center for Gravitational Experiments, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074 P.R. China
| | - A. G. Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - A. E. Stott
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. Temple
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - T. Warren
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - M. Eberhardt
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A. Kramer
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - W. Kühne
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E.-P. Miettinen
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M. Monecke
- Department of Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Aicardi
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - M. André
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J. Baroukh
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - A. Borrien
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - A. Bouisset
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - P. Boutte
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - K. Brethomé
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - C. Brysbaert
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - T. Carlier
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - M. Deleuze
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J. M. Desmarres
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - D. Dilhan
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - C. Doucet
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - D. Faye
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - N. Faye-Refalo
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - R. Gonzalez
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - C. Imbert
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - C. Larigauderie
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - E. Locatelli
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - L. Luno
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J.-R. Meyer
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - F. Mialhe
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J. M. Mouret
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - M. Nonon
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Y. Pahn
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - A. Paillet
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - P. Pasquier
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - G. Perez
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - R. Perez
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - L. Perrin
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - B. Pouilloux
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - A. Rosak
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - I. Savin de Larclause
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - J. Sicre
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - M. Sodki
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - N. Toulemont
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - B. Vella
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - C. Yana
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, 18 av. Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - F. Alibay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - O. M. Avalos
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. A. Balzer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - P. Bhandari
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - E. Blanco
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - B. D. Bone
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. C. Bousman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - P. Bruneau
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - F. J. Calef
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. J. Calvet
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - S. A. D’Agostino
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - G. de los Santos
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. G. Deen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - R. W. Denise
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. Ervin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - N. W. Ferraro
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - H. E. Gengl
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - F. Grinblat
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - D. Hernandez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. Hetzel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. E. Johnson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - L. Khachikyan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. Y. Lin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - S. M. Madzunkov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - S. L. Marshall
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - I. G. Mikellides
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - E. A. Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - W. Raff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. E. Singer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - C. M. Sunday
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. F. Villalvazo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - M. C. Wallace
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - D. Banfield
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - C. T. Russell
- Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A. Trebi-Ollennu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - E. Beucler
- LPG Nantes, UMR6112, CNRS-Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - M. Böse
- Swiss Seismological Service, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. Bonjour
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. L. Berenguer
- Geoazur, University Cote d’Azur, 250 rue Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - S. Ceylan
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Clinton
- Swiss Seismological Service, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V. Conejero
- Département de Sismologie, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7154 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 1 Rue Jussieu, Paris Cedex, 75238 France
| | - I. Daubar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - V. Dehant
- Royal Observatory of Belgium, 3 avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Delage
- Laboratoire Navier (CERMES), Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - F. Euchner
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. Estève
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Case courrier 115, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L. Fayon
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - L. Ferraioli
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. L. Johnson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - J. Gagnepain-Beyneix
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - A. Khan
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. Kawamura
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - B. Kenda
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - P. Labrot
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - N. Murdoch
- ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse University, 10 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - C. Pardo
- Département de Sismologie, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7154 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 1 Rue Jussieu, Paris Cedex, 75238 France
| | - C. Perrin
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot (UMR 7154 CNRS), Planetology et Space Science Team, 35 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, 75013 France
| | - L. Pou
- ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse University, 10 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - A. Sauron
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D. Savoie
- SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - S. Stähler
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Stutzmann
- Département de Sismologie, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7154 CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 1 Rue Jussieu, Paris Cedex, 75238 France
| | - N. A. Teanby
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | - J. Tromp
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - M. van Driel
- Institut of Geophysics, ETHZ, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Wieczorek
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Boulevard de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
| | - R. Widmer-Schnidrig
- Black Forest Observatory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Stuttgart University, Heubach 206, 77709 Wolfach, Germany
| | - J. Wookey
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| |
Collapse
|