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Calle E, Martínez D, Buttiglieri G, Corominas L, Farreras M, Saló-Grau J, Vilà P, Pueyo-Ros J, Comas J. Optimal design of water reuse networks in cities through decision support tool development and testing. NPJ Clean Water 2023; 6:23. [PMID: 36945314 PMCID: PMC10020772 DOI: 10.1038/s41545-023-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity and droughts are an increasing issue in many parts of the world. In the context of urban water systems, the transition to circularity may imply wastewater treatment and reuse. Planning and assessment of water reuse projects require decision-makers evaluating the cost and benefits of alternative scenarios. Manual or semi-automatic approaches are still common practice for planning both drinking and reclaimed water distribution networks. This work illustrates a decision support tool that, based on open data sources and graph theory coupled to greedy optimization algorithms, is able to automatically compute the optimal reclaimed water network for a given scenario. The tool provides not only the maximum amount of served reclaimed water per unit of invested cost, but also the length and diameters of the pipes required, the location and size of storage tanks, the population served, and the construction costs, i.e., everything under the same architecture. The usefulness of the tool is illustrated in two different but complementary cities in terms of size, density, and topography. The construction cost of the optimal water reclaimed network for a city of approximately 100,000 inhabitants is estimated to be in the range of €0.17-0.22/m3 (for a payback period of 30 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebi Calle
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Martínez
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Farreras
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Saló-Grau
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Vilà
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Pueyo-Ros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Comas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- LEQUIA, Institute of Environment, University of Girona, E-17071 Girona, Spain
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Calle E, Martínez D, Brugués-I-Pujolràs R, Farreras M, Saló-Grau J, Pueyo-Ros J, Corominas L. Optimal selection of monitoring sites in cities for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in sewage networks. Environ Int 2021; 157:106768. [PMID: 34325220 PMCID: PMC8430229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Selecting sampling points to monitor traces of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage at the intra-urban scale is no trivial task given the complexity of the networks and the multiple technical, economic and socio-environmental constraints involved. This paper proposes two algorithms for the automatic selection of sampling locations in sewage networks. The first algorithm, is for the optimal selection of a predefined number of sampling locations ensuring maximum coverage of inhabitants and minimum overlapping amongst selected sites (static approach). The second is for establishing a strategy of iterations of sample&analysis to identify patient zero and hot spots of COVID-19 infected inhabitants in cities (dynamic approach). The algorithms are based on graph-theory and are coupled to a greedy optimization algorithm. The usefulness of the algorithms is illustrated in the case study of Girona (NE Iberian Peninsula, 148,504 inhabitants). The results show that the algorithms are able to automatically propose locations for a given number of stations. In the case of Girona, always covering more than 60% of the manholes and with less than 3% of them overlapping amongst stations. Deploying 5, 6 or 7 stations results in more than 80% coverage in manholes and more than 85% of the inhabitants. For the dynamic sensor placement, we demonstrate that assigning infection probabilities to each manhole as a function of the number of inhabitants connected reduces the number of iterations required to detect the zero patient and the hot spot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusebi Calle
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - David Martínez
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | | | - Miquel Farreras
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Joan Saló-Grau
- Institute of Informatics and Applications, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Josep Pueyo-Ros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Lluís Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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