The Role of Hypoxia on the Trimethylation of H3K27 in Podocytes

Epigenetic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Previous studies of our group showed that diabetic conditions reduce the trimethylation of H3K27 in podocytes in a NIPP1- (nuclear inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1) and EZH2- (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) dependent manner. It has been previously reported that in differentiated podocytes, hypoxia decreases the expression of slit diaphragm proteins and promotes foot process effacement, thereby contributing to the progression of renal disease. The exact mechanisms are, however, not completely understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of hypoxia and HIFs (hypoxia-inducible factor) on epigenetic changes in podocytes affecting NIPP1, EZH2 and H3K27me3, in vitro and in vivo. In vivo studies were performed with mice exposed to 10% systemic hypoxia for 3 days or injected with 3,4-DHB (dihydroxybenzoate), a PHD (prolyl hydroxylase) inhibitor, 24 h prior analyses. Immunodetection of H3K27me3, NIPP1 and EZH2 in glomerular podocytes revealed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that hypoxic conditions and pharmacological HIFs activation significantly reduce the expression of NIPP1 and EZH2 and diminish H3K27 trimethylation. These findings are also supported by in vitro studies using murine-differentiated podocytes.

Triangle Singularity as the Origin of the a_{1}(1420)

The COMPASS Collaboration experiment recently discovered a new isovector resonancelike signal with axial-vector quantum numbers, the a_{1}(1420), decaying to f_{0}(980)π. With a mass too close to and a width smaller than the axial-vector ground state a_{1}(1260), it was immediately interpreted as a new light exotic meson, similar to the X, Y, Z states in the hidden-charm sector. We show that a resonancelike signal fully matching the experimental data is produced by the decay of the a_{1}(1260) resonance into K^{*}(→Kπ)K[over ¯] and subsequent rescattering through a triangle singularity into the coupled f_{0}(980)π channel. The amplitude for this process is calculated using a new approach based on dispersion relations. The triangle-singularity model is fitted to the partial-wave data of the COMPASS experiment. Despite having fewer parameters, this fit shows a slightly better quality than the one using a resonance hypothesis and thus eliminates the need for an additional resonance in order to describe the data. We thereby demonstrate for the first time in the light-meson sector that a resonancelike structure in the experimental data can be described by rescattering through a triangle singularity, providing evidence for a genuine three-body effect.

Chorioamniotic membrane separation following fetal myelomeningocele repair: incidence, risk factors and impact on perinatal outcome

OBJECTIVES

Prenatal myelomeningocele (MMC) repair has been shown to provide significant benefits to the infant, decreasing the postnatal need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt and improving motor outcome. Chorioamniotic membrane separation (CAS) is a potential complication following prenatal MMC repair and may increase the risk of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and preterm birth. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the incidence of CAS after prenatal MMC repair; (2) to determine risk factors associated with its occurrence; and (3) to assess its association with adverse perinatal outcomes.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent fetal MMC repair between November 2011 and December 2018. Surgery was performed using either a fetoscopic (laparotomy or exteriorized uterus) approach or an open-hysterotomy approach. Eligibility criteria were those reported in the Management of Myelomeningocele Study. If CAS was detected on ultrasound (US), its severity was graded as 'mild' if amnion detachment involved < 25% of the uterine cavity, 'moderate' if it involved 25-50% and 'severe' if it involved > 50%. Evolution of CAS was classified as stable, increasing or decreasing based on the difference in severity grading between the time at first diagnosis and the last US scan before delivery. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify pre- or perisurgical factors associated with the development of CAS and to determine the risk of adverse perinatal outcome associated with CAS.

RESULTS

In total, 91 cases were included. Fetoscopic or open-hysterotomy repair of MMC was performed in 52/91 (57.1%) and 39/91 (42.9%) cases, at a median gestational age (GA) of 25.0 weeks (range, 22.9-26.0 weeks) and 25.0 weeks (range, 21.3-25.9 weeks), respectively. CAS was diagnosed in 31/91 (34.1%) patients, at a median GA of 28.1 weeks (range, 24.4-37.6 weeks). Anterior placenta was identified as a risk factor for the postoperative development of CAS (odds ratio (OR), 3.72 (95% CI, 1.46-9.5); P < 0.01). This risk was dependent on the repair technique. An anterior placenta significantly increased the risk of CAS after fetoscopic repair (OR, 3.94 (95% CI, 1.14-13.6); P = 0.03) but not after open repair (OR, 2.8 (95% CI, 0.6-12.5); P = 0.16). There was no significant difference in the rate of CAS after fetoscopic repair (21/52 (40.4%)) vs open-hysterotomy repair (10/39 (25.6%)) (P = 0.14), nor were there any differences in GA at diagnosis of CAS, interval between surgery and diagnosis, distribution of CAS severity or progression of CAS between the two groups. CAS increased the risk of PPROM (50% in those with vs 12% in those without CAS) (OR, 7.6 (95% CI, 2.5-21.9); P < 0.01) and preterm delivery (70% vs 38%) (OR, 3.2 (95% CI, 1.3-8.1); P < 0.01). Fetoscopically repaired cases with CAS had a higher rate of PPROM (12/20 (60.0%) vs 2/31 (6.5%); P < 0.01) and preterm delivery (13/20 (65.0%) vs 5/31 (16.1%); P < 0.01) than those that did not develop CAS, while the differences were not significant in cases with open-hysterotomy repair. Early detection of CAS (before 30 weeks' gestation) was a risk factor for preterm delivery (90% before 30 weeks vs 36% at or after 30 weeks) (OR, 15.7 (95% CI, 2.3-106.3); P < 0.01). There was no association between PPROM or preterm delivery and the severity or progression of CAS.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of an anterior placenta was the only factor that increased the risk for CAS after fetoscopic MMC repair. Detection of CAS after fetoscopic MMC repair significantly increases the risk for PPROM and preterm delivery. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Geschichte der Universitätshautkliniken Leipzig

An der zweitältesten deutschen Universität, Leipzig, wurde die Dermatovenerologie als selbständiges Lehrfach mit klinischer Ausrichtung erst 1896 und damit vergleichsweise spät etabliert. Erster Honorarprofessor und Klinikdirektor war der Wiener Gustav Riehl. Ihm folgte im Amt 1902 der aus Innsbruck nach Leipzig berufene Johann Heinrich Rille, der fortan 32 Jahre lang in Leipzig wirkte. Seinen Aktivitäten ist es zu verdanken, dass die Dermatovenerologie 1931 in ein architektonisch eindrucksvolles, nach modernsten Gesichtspunkten ausgerüstetes, neues Klinikgebäude einziehen konnte. Mit 407 Betten für Haut- und Geschlechtskranke war die Klinik eine der größten in Europa. Im 2. Weltkrieg erlitt sie starke Zerstörungen. 2006 erhielt das Fachgebiet wiederum ein neues Gebäude zugewiesen, das den Ansprüchen an eine moderne Dermatovenerologie voll gerecht wird.

Die Tagungsaktivitäten in der ehemaligen DDR

Durch die Errichtung der innerdeutschen Grenzanlagen 1961 war den ostdeutschen Dermatologen die Teilnahme an Tagungen in der Bundesrepublik, insbesondere auch an den traditionsreichen Kongressen der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (DDG), nicht mehr möglich. In der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) mussten eigene Strukturen wie die Gesellschaft für Dermatologie der DDR geschaffen werden, um die entstandene Lücke zu kompensieren. Durch diese Neugründungen wurden von 1964 – 1990 10 zentrale Kongresse und zahlreiche weitere wissenschaftliche und Fortbildungsveranstaltungen zu aktuellen Aspekten des Fachgebietes initiiert. Der letzte zentrale Kongress fand 1990 in Dresden statt, dominiert vom historischen Ereignis der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Im Rahmen dieser von zahlreichen Teilnehmern aus der Bundesrepublik besuchten Veranstaltung vollzog sich auch die offizielle Wiedervereinigung der deutschen Dermatologen in den traditionsreichen Tagungssälen des 1912 gegründeten Deutschen Hygienemuseums.

Outcomes of capsulolabral reconstruction for posterior shoulder instability

BACKGROUND

Surgical treatment of isolated posterior shoulder instability-a rare and often misdiagnosed condition-is controversial because of poor outcomes. Failure of physical therapy in symptomatic young athletes requires capsulolabral reconstruction or bone block procedures. The goal of this study was to report the outcomes of patients who have undergone surgical capsulolabral reconstruction and to look for risk factors that contribute to failure of this procedure.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

We analyzed the outcomes of 101 patients who underwent capsulolabral reconstruction: 83 included retrospectively, 18 included prospectively. The procedures were performed alone or in combination with capsular shift, labral repair, closure of the rotator interval and notch remplissage. The primary endpoint was failure of the procedure, defined as recurrence of the instability and/or pain. We also determined the outcomes based on specific (Walch-Duplay, modified Rowe) and non-specific (Constant, resumption of activities) scores of shoulder instability.

RESULTS

The results were satisfactory despite a high failure rate: 35% in the retrospective cohort with 4.8±2.6 years' follow-up and 22% in the prospective cohort with 1.1±0.3 years' follow-up. The various outcome scores improved significantly. Ninety-two percent of patients returned to work and 80% of athletes returned to their pre-injury level of sports. Eighty-five percent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied after the surgery. No risk factors for failure were identified; however, failures were more common in older patients, those who underwent an isolated procedure and those who had unclassified clinical forms.

CONCLUSION

Treatment of posterior shoulder instability by capsulolabral reconstruction leads to good clinical outcomes; however, the recurrence rate is high.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 - retrospective study.

First Measurement of Transverse-Spin-Dependent Azimuthal Asymmetries in the Drell-Yan Process

The first measurement of transverse-spin-dependent azimuthal asymmetries in the pion-induced Drell-Yan (DY) process is reported. We use the CERN SPS 190  GeV/c π^{-} beam and a transversely polarized ammonia target. Three azimuthal asymmetries giving access to different transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs) are extracted using dimuon events with invariant mass between 4.3  GeV/c^{2} and 8.5  GeV/c^{2}. Within the experimental uncertainties, the observed sign of the Sivers asymmetry is found to be consistent with the fundamental prediction of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that the Sivers TMD PDFs extracted from DY have a sign opposite to the one extracted from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) data. We present two other asymmetries originating from the pion Boer-Mulders TMD PDFs convoluted with either the nucleon transversity or pretzelosity TMD PDFs. A recent COMPASS SIDIS measurement was obtained at a hard scale comparable to that of these DY results. This opens the way for possible tests of fundamental QCD universality predictions.

Is anterior glenoid bone block position reliably assessed by standard radiography? A cadaver study

BACKGROUND

Standard radiography with an antero-posterior view and Bernageau's glenoid profile view is the method most widely reported in the literature to assess coracoid bone block position and fusion.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this cadaver study was to determine whether the antero-posterior and Bernageau's radiographs provide a reliable and reproducible evaluation of the position of a coracoid bone block and its fixation screws.

METHOD

An isolated scapula showing no evidence of osteoarthritis or other abnormalities was used. The coracoid process was transferred to the anterior glenoid rim. Fixation was with two slightly diverging malleolar screws, chosen of different sizes for ease of identification. Computed tomography (CT) was performed as the reference imaging technique. The standard radiographs were then obtained, using fluoroscopy to accurately position the scapula for the antero-posterior and Bernageau's views. This position was defined as 0°, and radiographs were taken at angles of 5°, 10°, and 15° in all three planes. All radiographs were taken during a single session to ensure that the distance separating the tube from the scapula remained unchanged. The images were exported to OsiriX for analysis. We measured the angles formed by the screws and the glenoid surface, as well as bone block position and overhang. Finally, we used 1-mm thick disks to evaluate bone-to-bone contact.

RESULTS

No correlations were found between values by CT and by standard radiography (both views) for the screw angles or overhang. A space≤1mm between the neck of the scapula and the bone block was not visible on the standard radiographs in any of the positions.

CONCLUSION

Standard radiography does not provide an accurate analysis of bone block position or bone-to-bone contact. CT is needed to assess bone block and screw position and bone-to-bone contact.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

Preliminary clinical outcomes of Latarjet-Patte coracoid transfer by arthroscopy vs. open surgery: Prospective multicentre study of 390 cases

BACKGROUND

The Latarjet-Patte procedure consisting in transfer and screw fixation of the coracoid process to the anterior glenoid is a treatment of reference for anterior shoulder instability. Over time, surgical innovations translated into a number of improvements and, in late 2003, an arthroscopically assisted variant of the procedure was described.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate and compare clinical outcomes of the modified Latarjet-Patte procedure performed by open surgery, arthroscopy with screw fixation, or arthroscopy with endobutton fixation.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

A total of 390 patients who underwent surgery to treat anterior shoulder instability between March 2013 and June 2014 were included and divided into three groups depending on whether they were managed using open surgery with screw fixation, arthroscopy with screw fixation, or arthroscopy with endobutton fixation. Clinical findings were recorded pre-operatively then 6 months post-operatively and at last follow-up (mean, 27.7 months). Range of motion and apprehension test (arm in external rotation at 0°, 90°, and 140° of abduction) were assessed and the Walch-Duplay and modified Rowe scores were determined.

RESULTS

Motion range restriction was minimal with all three techniques, and motion range continued to improve throughout follow-up. Apprehension in external rotation was noted at 90° of abduction in 11% of cases and at 140° of abduction in 4% of cases. The mean total Walch-Duplay score improved from 46 pre-operatively to 90.6 and the mean total modified Rowe score from 46 pre-operatively to 91.1. By statistical analysis, external rotation at 90° of abduction and internal rotation at 0° of abduction were better after open surgery, but the differences were of limited clinical significance. Recurrence was noted in 3.3% of cases, nerve injury in 0.8%, and infection in 1.5%.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the three techniques produced similar clinical outcomes, with a stable shoulder and no joint stiffness.

Predictors of early retirement after cancer rehabilitation-a longitudinal study

This longitudinal study was designed to assess patients' desire for early retirement and investigate which cancer-related and psychosocial characteristics are associated with early retirement. We assessed 750 cancer patients at the beginning (t₀ ) and end (t₁ ) of, and 12 months after (t₂ ) inpatient cancer rehabilitation. At t₀ , 22% had a desire to retire early. These patients reported significantly longer sick leave periods, less favourable workplace environments, lower work ability, higher psychological distress and lower quality of life than other patients. At t₂ , 12.5% of patients received temporary or permanent early retirement pensions. Of all patients with a desire for early retirement at t₀ , 43% had returned to work at t₂ . This subgroup had a significantly lower physical quality of life than other patients returning to work. The most influential predictors of early retirement were being on sick leave (OR = 6.50, 95% CI = 1.97-21.47) and a desire for early retirement (OR = 5.61, 95% CI = 2.73-11.52). Inverse predictors of early retirement were cancer remission (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.10-0.53), perceived productivity (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18-0.83), work satisfaction (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.17-0.77) and mental quality of life (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91-0.98). This underlines the need for cancer-specific multi-professional rehabilitation and occupational therapy programmes.

Complication rates and types of failure after arthroscopic acute acromioclavicular dislocation fixation. Prospective multicenter study of 116 cases

AIMS

To report and analyze both the surgical and radiographic complications associated with anatomic coracoclavicular (CC) ligament procedures and to evaluate the effect of these complications on patient outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From July 2012 to July 2013, 116 primary anatomic CC ligament procedures (all arthroscopic endobutton fixations) were performed in 14 different centers. Demographic, surgical, subjective, and radiographic data were prospectively analyzed in 14 centers with a minimum follow-up of 12 months.

RESULTS

This series included 96 men and 20 women, mean age 37 years old, with a mean delay to surgery of 10 days. No intraoperative complications were reported. There were 11 complications due to hardware failure resulting in a loss of reduction, 1 coracoid fracture, 7 cases of adhesive capsulitis, 2 local infections, 5 cases of hardware pain. There were significant differences in outcomes between patients who did and did not develop complications: mean CS=71 vs. 93, (P<0.0001). All the parameters of the CS were statistically affected (P<0.0001). Forty-eight patients had persistent dislocation>150% on an AP X-ray which affected the pain and activity CS (P=0.023 and P=0.044). No preoperative predictive factors were identified. These patients could not return to the same level of sports activities due to persistent pain.

DISCUSSION

Anatomic procedures to treat AC joint dislocation using CC ligament reconstruction resulted in an overall complication rate of 22.4% and influenced the return to sports. Good to excellent outcomes were reported in patients without complications.

CLINICAL SERIES

Level of evidence 4.

Prognostic factors to succeed in surgical treatment of chronic acromioclavicular dislocations

INTRODUCTION

Treatment of chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACJD) remains a poorly known and controversial subject. Given the many surgical options, it is not always easy to determine which steps are indispensable.

METHODS

This article reports a multicenter prospective study. The clinical and radiological follow-up involved a comparative analysis of the preoperative and postoperative data at 1 year, including pain (visual analogue scale), subjective functional incapacity (QuickDASH), and the objective Constant score, as well as a comparative analysis of vertical and horizontal movements measured on simple x-rays.

RESULTS

Based on a series of 140 operated ACJDs, we included 24 chronic ACJDs. The mean time to surgery was 46 weeks (range, 1 month to 4 years). The patients' mean age was 41 years, with a majority of males (75%), 72% of whom participated in recreational sports. Professionally, 40% of the subjects had jobs involving manual labor. We noted 40% grade III, 24% grade IV, and 36% grade V injury according to the Rockwood classification. In 92% of cases, coracoclavicular stabilization was provided by a double button implant, reinforced with a biological graft in 88% of the cases. In 29%, millimeters to centimeters of the distal clavicle were resected and acromioclavicular stabilization was associated in 54%. We observed complications in 33% of the cases. At 1 year postoperative, 21 patients underwent clinical and radiological follow-up (87.5%). Only 35% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied, whereas 100% of them would recommend the operation. Full-time work was resumed in 91% of the cases and all sports could be resumed in 86%. The pre- and postoperative values at 1 year changed as follows: the mean Constant score improved from 61 to 87 (p=0.00002); the subjective QuickDASH score decreased from 41 to 9 (p=0.00002); and radiologically significant reduction of the initial displacement was observed in the vertical plane (p<10(-3)) and the horizontal plane (p=0.022).

CONCLUSION

In this study, the favorable prognostic factors found were: time to surgery less than 3 months (p=0.02), associated acromioclavicular stabilization, and postoperative immobilization with a sling extended to 6 weeks. However, resection of the distal clavicle did not influence the final result.

LEVEL OF PROOF

Level II prospective non-randomized comparative study.

Is coracoclavicular stabilisation alone sufficient for the endoscopic treatment of severe acromioclavicular joint dislocation (Rockwood types III, IV, and V)?

BACKGROUND

The primary objective was to evaluate correlations linking anatomical to functional outcomes after endoscopically assisted repair of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACJD).

HYPOTHESIS

Combined acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular stabilisation improves radiological outcomes compared to coracoclavicular stabilisation alone.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective multicentre study was performed. Clinical outcome measures were pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS), subjective functional impairment (QuickDASH score), and Constant's score. Anatomical outcomes were assessed on standard radiographs (anteroposterior view of the acromioclavicular girdle and bilateral axillary views) obtained preoperatively and postoperatively and on postoperative dynamic radiographs taken as described by Tauber et al.

RESULTS

Of 116 patients with acute ACJD included in the study, 48% had type III, 30% type IV, and 22% type V ACJD according to the Rockwood classification. Coracoclavicular stabilisation was achieved using a double endobutton in 93% of patients, and concomitant acromioclavicular stabilisation was performed in 50% of patients. The objective functional outcome was good, with an unweighted Constant's score ≥ 85/100 and a subjective QuickDASH functional disability score ≤ 10 in 75% of patients. The radiographic analysis showed significant improvements from the preoperative to the 1-year postoperative values in the vertical plane (decrease in the coracoclavicular ratio from 214 to 128%, p=10(-6)) and in the horizontal plane (decrease in posterior displacement from 4 to 0mm, p=5×10(-5)). The anatomical outcome correlated significantly with the functional outcome (absolute R value=0.19 and p=0.045). We found no statistically significant differences across the various types of constructs used. Intra-operative control of the acromioclavicular joint did not improve the result. Implantation of a biological graft significantly improved both the anatomical outcome in the vertical plane (p=0.04) and acromioclavicular stabilisation in the horizontal plane (p=0.02). The coracoclavicular ratio on the anteroposterior radiograph was adversely affected by a longer time from injury to surgery (p=0.02) and by a higher body mass index (BMI) (p=0.006). High BMI also had a negative effect on the difference in the distance separating the anterior edge of the acromion from the anterior edge of the clavicle between the injured and uninjured sides, as assessed on the axillary views (p=0.009).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that acute ACJD requires stabilisation in both planes, i.e., at the coracoclavicular junction and at the acromioclavicular joint. Coracoclavicular stabilisation alone is not sufficient, regardless of the type of implant used. Implantation of a biological graft should be considered when the time from injury to surgery is longer than 10days. The weight of the upper limb should be taken into account, with 6weeks of immobilisation to unload the construct in patients who have high BMI values.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II, prospective non-randomised comparative study.

Observation of a New Narrow Axial-Vector Meson a1(1420)

The COMPASS Collaboration at CERN has measured diffractive dissociation of 190  GeV/c pions into the π(-)π(-)π(+) final state using a stationary hydrogen target. A partial-wave analysis (PWA) was performed in bins of 3π mass and four-momentum transfer using the isobar model and the so far largest PWA model consisting of 88 waves. A narrow peak is observed in the f0(980)π channel with spin, parity and C-parity quantum numbers J(PC)=1(++). We present a resonance-model study of a subset of the spin-density matrix selecting 3π states with J(PC)=2(++) and 4(++) decaying into ρ(770)π and with J(PC)=1(++) decaying into f0(980)π. We identify a new a1 meson with mass (1414(-13)(+15))  MeV/c2 and width (153(-23)(+8))  MeV/c2. Within the final states investigated in our analysis, we observe the new a1(1420) decaying only into f0(980)π, suggesting its exotic nature.

Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population

AIDS-associated morbidity has diminished due to excellent viral control. Multimorbidity are more prevalent and incident in Swiss HIV-positive persons compared to HIV-negative controls. However, smoking, but not HIV status, had a strong impact on cardiovascular risk and multimorbidity.

Background. Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated morbidity has diminished due to excellent viral control, multimorbidity may be increasing among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons compared with the general population.

Methods. We assessed the prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity in participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) compared with the population-based CoLaus study and the primary care-based FIRE (Family Medicine ICPC-Research using Electronic Medical Records) records. The incidence of the respective endpoints were assessed among SHCS and CoLaus participants. Poisson regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking.

Results. Overall, 74 291 participants contributed data to prevalence analyses (3230 HIV-infected; 71 061 controls). In CoLaus, FIRE, and SHCS, multimorbidity was present among 26%, 13%, and 27% of participants. Compared with nonsmoking individuals from CoLaus, the incidence of cardiovascular disease was elevated among smoking individuals but independent of HIV status (HIV-negative smoking: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.5; HIV-positive smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.6; HIV-positive nonsmoking: IRR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.44–1.4). Compared with nonsmoking HIV-negative persons, multivariable Poisson regression identified associations of HIV infection with hypertension (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5–2.4; smoking: IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.4), kidney (nonsmoking: IRR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.9–3.8; smoking: IRR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.9–3.6), and liver disease (nonsmoking: IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4–2.4; smoking: IRR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4–2.2). No evidence was found for an association of HIV-infection or smoking with diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions. Multimorbidity is more prevalent and incident in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals. Smoking, but not HIV status, has a strong impact on cardiovascular risk and multimorbidity.

Measurement of the charged-pion polarizability

The COMPASS collaboration at CERN has investigated pion Compton scattering, π(-)γ→π(-)γ, at center-of-mass energy below 3.5 pion masses. The process is embedded in the reaction π(-)Ni→π(-)γNi, which is initiated by 190 GeV pions impinging on a nickel target. The exchange of quasireal photons is selected by isolating the sharp Coulomb peak observed at smallest momentum transfers, Q(2)<0.0015  (GeV/c)(2). From a sample of 63,000 events, the pion electric polarizability is determined to be α(π)=(2.0±0.6(stat)±0.7(syst))×10(-4)  fm(3) under the assumption α(π)=-β(π), which relates the electric and magnetic dipole polarizabilities. It is the most precise measurement of this fundamental low-energy parameter of strong interaction that has been addressed since long by various methods with conflicting outcomes. While this result is in tension with previous dedicated measurements, it is found in agreement with the expectation from chiral perturbation theory. An additional measurement replacing pions by muons, for which the cross-section behavior is unambiguously known, was performed for an independent estimate of the systematic uncertainty.

Integrating fragmented evidence by network meta-analysis: relative effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder

BACKGROUND

To summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

METHOD

We searched bibliographic databases and reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses for randomized controlled trials that compared specific psychological interventions for adults with PTSD symptoms either head-to-head or against control interventions using non-specific intervention components, or against wait-list control. Two investigators independently extracted the data and assessed trial characteristics.

RESULTS

The analyses included 4190 patients in 66 trials. An initial network meta-analysis showed large effect sizes (ESs) for all specific psychological interventions (ESs between -1.10 and -1.37) and moderate effects of psychological interventions that were used to control for non-specific intervention effects (ESs -0.58 and -0.62). ES differences between various types of specific psychological interventions were absent to small (ES differences between 0.00 and 0.27). Considerable between-trial heterogeneity occurred (τ²= 0.30). Stratified analyses revealed that trials that adhered to DSM-III/IV criteria for PTSD were associated with larger ESs. However, considerable heterogeneity remained. Heterogeneity was reduced in trials with adequate concealment of allocation and in large-sized trials. We found evidence for small-study bias.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show that patients with a formal diagnosis of PTSD and those with subclinical PTSD symptoms benefit from different psychological interventions. We did not identify any intervention that was consistently superior to other specific psychological interventions. However, the robustness of evidence varies considerably between different psychological interventions for PTSD, with most robust evidence for cognitive behavioral and exposure therapies.

Continuous measurement of radiation from radionuclides deposited on the ground using in situ gamma-ray spectrometry

Until recently, in situ measurements in a network of radiation-measuring sites at the Deutscher Wetterdienst could only be started if all components had been put up in an instrumentation shelter and the detector had been cooled for ∼6 h. Within a project on partial automation of radioactivity monitoring, it has now become possible to permanently equip the measuring sites, i.e. the instrumentation shelter, with the components for in situ gamma-ray spectrometry. The cooling technology of the detectors changed from liquid nitrogen based to an electric system and the instrumentation shelters could be fixed with air conditioning to minimise the influence of changes in the outside temperature.

Obesity Trends and Body Mass Index Changes After Starting Antiretroviral Treatment: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The factors that contribute to increasing obesity rates in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons and to body mass index (BMI) increase that typically occurs after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) are incompletely characterized.

METHODS

We describe BMI trends in the entire Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) population and investigate the effects of demographics, HIV-related factors, and ART on BMI change in participants with data available before and 4 years after first starting ART.

RESULTS

In the SHCS, overweight/obesity prevalence increased from 13% in 1990 (n = 1641) to 38% in 2012 (n = 8150). In the participants starting ART (n = 1601), mean BMI increase was 0.92 kg/m(2) per year (95% confidence interval, .83-1.0) during year 0-1 and 0.31 kg/m(2) per year (0.29-0.34) during years 1-4. In multivariable analyses, annualized BMI change during year 0-1 was associated with older age (0.15 [0.06-0.24] kg/m(2)) and CD4 nadir <199 cells/µL compared to nadir >350 (P < .001). Annualized BMI change during years 1-4 was associated with CD4 nadir <100 cells/µL compared to nadir >350 (P = .001) and black compared to white ethnicity (0.28 [0.16-0.37] kg/m(2)). Individual ART combinations differed little in their contribution to BMI change.

CONCLUSIONS

Increasing obesity rates in the SHCS over time occurred at the same time as aging of the SHCS population, demographic changes, earlier ART start, and increasingly widespread ART coverage. Body mass index increase after ART start was typically biphasic, the BMI increase in year 0-1 being as large as the increase in years 1-4 combined. The effect of ART regimen on BMI change was limited.

Depression in early adulthood: prevalence and psychosocial correlates among young Swiss men

QUESTION UNDER STUDY

Depression in young adults is common, but data from Switzerland are scarce. Our study gives a point prevalence estimate of depression in young Swiss men, and describes the association between depression and education, material and social resources, and job/school satisfaction.

METHODS

We used data from the cross-sectional Swiss Federal Surveys of Adolescents (ch-x) from 2010 to 2011 comprising 9,066 males aged between 18 and 25 years. Depression was assessed by means of self-reports using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Persons were categorised into three groups: depression, subthreshold depression, and no depression. We assessed the relationship between depression and education, material and social resources, and satisfaction with job/school. Differences according to depression status were tested with chi-square tests for categorical variables and one-way analyses of variance for continuous variables.

RESULTS

Point prevalence of depression (3.60%) and subthreshold depression (3.62%) was high. Poor mental health was associated with lower education in young adults (p <0.001), and with their parents' education (p = 0.024). Social resources in persons with depression and subthreshold depression were substantially reduced (i.e., social support and satisfaction with social relations; both p <0.001). Young men with depression and subthreshold depression also reported a current lack of satisfaction with job/school (p <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of (subthreshold) depression is high in young Swiss men. Depression at this age might result in a bad long-term prognosis owing to its association with low satisfaction with job/school and low self-efficacy. Interventions should especially consider the lower social resources of young men with depression.

Consequences of insecurity in emergency telephone consultations: an experimental study in medical students

QUESTION UNDER STUDY

Handling emergency telephone consultations (ETCs) is a challenging and very important task for doctors. The aims of the study were to document insecurity in medical students during ETCs and to identify the reasons for that insecurity. We hypothesised that insecurity is associated with advising more urgent action (e.g. advice to call for an ambulance) in ETCs.

METHODS

We used ETCs with simulated patients (SPs), with each student randomly allocated two of four possible cases. After the training, 137 students reported on any insecurity that they had in the various ETC phases. We analysed the reasons for insecurity using descriptive statistics. The association between the students' advice that urgent action was needed and their insecurity was analysed with Spearman rank correlation.

RESULTS

Overall, 95% of the students felt insecure in at least one phase of their ETC. History taking was the phase in which students felt most insecure (63.1%), followed by the phase of analysing the information given by the patient (44.9%). Perceived insecurity was associated with more urgent advice in one case scenario (abdominal pain; correlation r = 0.46; p <0.01). The other two cases (child with fever; chest pain) also had a positive, but not statistically significant, correlation trend (p <0.12; p <0.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Insecurity is highly prevalent among medical students in their ETC decision-making. ETC training in medical schools, with a focus on structured history taking and formulating discriminating questions, might help decrease insecurity in ETCs. Medical education should also teach management of insecurity.

Duplex ultrasound, clinical score, thrombotic risk, and D-dimer testing for evidence based diagnosis and management of deep vein thrombosis and alternative diagnoses in the primary care setting and outpatient ward

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has an annual incidence of 0.2% in the urban population. First episodes of calf vein thrombosis (CVT) and proximal DVT are frequently elicited by risk factors, including varicose veins, cancer, pregnancy/postpartum, oral contraceptives below the age of 50 years, immobility or surgery. Leg pain and tenderness in the calf and popliteal fossa on physical examination may result from other conditions than DVT labeled as alternative diagnosis (AD) Congenital venous thrombophilia is present in every third first DVT, increased FVIII in every fourth first DVT, and FV Leiden/FII mutation in 40% of women on oral anticonceptive pill before reaching the menopause. Routine thrombophilia testing for FV Leiden/prothrombin mutation and FVIII as main risk factor for venous thrombosis is recommended. Primary superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) and DVT patients with a autosomal dominant family history of DVT are candidates for thrombophilia testing for congenital AT, PC and PS deficiency. The requirement for a safe diagnostic strategy of CVT and DVT should be based on an objective post-test incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of less than 0.1% with a negative predictive value for exclusion of DVT of 99.9% during 3 months follow-up. Modification of the Wells score by elimination of the "minus 2 points" for AD is mandatory and will improve the diagnostic accuracy of CVT/DVT suspicion in the primary care setting and outpatient ward. The sequential use of complete DUS, ELISA D-dimer testing and modified clinical Wells' score assessment is safe and effective for the exclusion and diagnosis of CVT, DVT and AD. About 10% to 20% of patients with DVT develop overt post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) at one year post-DVT, and both PTS and DVT recurrences further increase to about 30% during long-term follow-up. Objective risk stratification of PTS complications using DUS for recanalization and reflux and D-dimer testing will become an integral part in routine clinical practice to assess the optimal duration of wearing medical elastic stockings and anticoagulation for the prevention DVT recurrence as the best option to reduce the incidence and costs of suffering from irreversible PTS.

[Mechanics and effects of European reference pricing for vaccines in Germany according to §130a Abs. 2 SGB V: an analysis using the example of influenza vaccines]

OBJECTIVES

On 01 January 2011 the bill for the reorganisation of the pharmaceutical market became effective. Since that time there is a European reference pricing (ERP) system for vaccines in order to bring down the German vaccine prices to an assumed lower European level. This study describes the implementation, functioning and effect of this new system. For influenza vaccines the impact of ERP on the price level and spread of prices is analysed.

METHODS

The description of the mechanism is based on the law and corresponding regulations of the head association of sickness funds (GKV-SV). The analysis of vaccine prices is based on the data of the i:data report (status of 01 September 2011) of ifap Service Institute.

RESULTS

The European reference price is calculated as the average price of the manufacturer-selling-prices of the corresponding vaccine in the 4 countries of the European Union whose gross national income comes closest to the German one and in which the vaccine is distributed. The relied prices are weighted by sales and purchasing power parities of the respective countries. This analysis suggests that in particular the practical implementation of the reference price system should be further improved and specified. The calculation of the reference prices should ensure price comparability. In addition, significant problems remain in the deduction of discounts, because no distinction is made in the documentation of vaccinating doctors, whether vaccination was performed as a compulsory or statutory benefit. The comparison of the manufacturer-selling-prices of individual influenza vaccines with the corresponding reference prices shows an enlargement of the existing price differences, which have evolved in a competitive environment, after the implementation of the reference pricing -system.

CONCLUSIONS

There is still a need for improvement in implementing the reference pricing system. In the most competitive vaccine market of influenza vaccines, the ERP-system lowers the prices, but seems to distort the market prices.