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Terrasson J, Rault A, Seigneur É, Brédart A, Dolbeault S. [The announcement of treatment resistance in pediatric oncology: Understanding parents' experiences and influencing factors with a mixed methodology]. Bull Cancer 2023:S0007-4551(23)00160-1. [PMID: 37100684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The announcement of a resistance to treatment in pediatric oncology occurs within the framework of an established parent-pediatrician relationship. The aim of this study was to understand the parents' experience of this announcement and the relational and communicational factors likely to impact it. METHOD A mixed-methods study was conducted in a pediatric oncology department with 15 parents of a child with treatment-resistant cancer, with an average age of 40.8years. The parents completed three questionnaires to assess their anxiety and depression (HADS) and their information needs (EORTC - QLQ Info 25 and PTPQ). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and a content analysis was performed. RESULTS The majority of parents have "suspected" or "proven" anxiety and/or depressive disorders. The experience of this announcement was influenced by the quality of the parent-pediatrician relationship, the perceived quality of the management, the anticipation of the announcement, the context of the announcement, and the experience of previous announcements. The parents interviewed were very satisfied with the informational exchanges. This satisfaction was underpinned by honest communication and by the responsiveness and availability of the pediatricians. DISCUSSION The establishment of a relationship of trust between the family and the pediatrician throughout the course of care plays a major role in the parents' experience of the announcement of resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- PSL université Paris, équipe SHARE Institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Aude Rault
- PSL université Paris, équipe SHARE Institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Étienne Seigneur
- PSL université Paris, équipe SHARE Institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, centre SIREDO - Soins Innovation, Recherche en oncologie de l'Enfant, de l'aDOlescent et de l'adulte jeune, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Brédart
- PSL université Paris, équipe SHARE Institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, laboratoire psychopathologie et processus de santé, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- PSL université Paris, équipe SHARE Institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; University Paris Saclay, Inserm, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), 94807 Villejuif, France
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Terrasson J, Rault A, Seigneur É, El Mellah L, Dolbeault S, Brédart A. How do you tell parents whose child has cancer that the treatment has failed: A qualitative study on pediatric oncologists' practices. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:382-394. [PMID: 36094797 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Announcing drug resistance is complex for pediatric oncologists because they have to provide a substantial amount of medical information while taking a major emotional impact on the parents into account. This study aimed to understand how these announcements are currently conducted and how pediatric oncologists adapt the information given to each family in situations where there is resistance to treatment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 pediatric oncologists (66.7% women, aged 44.7 years on average). Interviews were audio-recorded and a thematic content analysis was conducted. Announcements of drug resistance are stressful, as they are not well codified, difficult to anticipate, and pediatric oncologists have many issues about how best to behave and which words to choose. The majority of them believe that the severity, or even the incurability of the disease, and the offer of a therapeutic alternative are essential components of the information to pass on. Pediatric oncologists describe how they adapt their communication to each family, particularly in relation to parents' questions, and also to their reactions during the announcement. They also need to adapt to the prior acquaintance they may have with the families, and to previous exchanges. Finally, pediatric oncologists acknowledge their subjectivity when estimating the parents need in terms of information. Understanding the course of these announcements gives us another point of view at the issues involved in this announcement. Proposals to support pediatric oncologists in this difficult moment can be suggested: communication support tool, work in pairs and discussion group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Aude Rault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Étienne Seigneur
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, SIREDO Oncology Center, Paris, France
| | - Leïla El Mellah
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Research Center in Epidemiology and Health Population, INSERM, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Brédart
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Psychopathology and Health Process Laboratory, University of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Terrasson J, Rault A, Seigneur É, Doz F, Dolbeault S, Brédart A. [Announcing treatment resistance in pediatric oncology: A qualitative study of nurses' experiences]. Bull Cancer 2022; 109:1154-1161. [PMID: 35985866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The announcement of treatment resistance is a key moment in the management of children treated for cancer. Although nurses are present at various stages of this announcement, few studies have examined their role and experience. This study proposes to enhance understanding of the experience of nurses at this time of the pediatric cancer trajectory in France. METHOD A qualitative study was conducted in two pediatric oncology departments. Semi-structured research interviews were conducted with seven pediatric nurses (five women) with an average age of 36.9 years. RESULTS Nurses report not being systematically present during announcements of treatment resistance but being present with the families before and after these announcements. Nurses described their role at this point in the management process as multifaceted. The emotional burden associated with these announcements is significant: nurses must manage their own emotions when faced with the discovery of resistance to treatment, those of the families, and must often answer difficult questions about the prognosis or end of life. In this context, teamwork is an important support. DISCUSSION Better awareness and recognition of the role of nurses and the associated emotional burden would enable them to fully carry out their missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- PSL université Paris, institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Aude Rault
- PSL université Paris, institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Étienne Seigneur
- PSL université Paris, institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, centre SIREDO - soins, innovation, recherche, en oncologie de l'enfant, de l'adolescent et de l'adulte jeune, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- Institut Curie, centre SIREDO - soins, innovation, recherche, en oncologie de l'enfant, de l'adolescent et de l'adulte jeune, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 12, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Institut Curie, UMR 144 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- PSL université Paris, institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), U1018, Inserm, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Brédart
- PSL université Paris, institut Curie, unité de psycho-oncologie, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, laboratoire psychopathologie et processus de santé, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Terrasson J, Rault A, Dolbeault S, Brédart A. Question prompt lists to improve communication between cancer patients and healthcare professionals. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:265-269. [PMID: 35730518 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This literature review sets out to summarize knowledge on the impact of question prompt lists (QPLs) on patient-physician communication in oncology and to provide an account of current research on the development, adaptation, and implementation of this type of communication tool. RECENT FINDINGS Provided with a QPL, patients seem to ask more questions, in particular on sensitive issues like those around the end-of-life period and they recall the information provided better. There is a need to adapt QPLs, taking account of divergences in attitudes towards illness, participation in decision-making, and discussions about the illness prognosis across cultures. QPLs may also need to be tailored to specific concerns of patients at the different stages in the care trajectory and to the particularities of each cancer type. These adaptations contribute to the effectiveness of the tool because they make it possible to tailor it to the challenges and constraints experienced in clinical practice. SUMMARY QPLs are designed to enhance patients' communication with their physicians. Further research is required to develop QPLs suited to each cultural and clinical setting, involving health professionals so as to facilitate the implementation of these tools in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- Institut Curie, Supportive Care Department, Psycho-oncology Unit, PSL University, Paris
| | - Aude Rault
- Institut Curie, Supportive Care Department, Psycho-oncology Unit, PSL University, Paris
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- Institut Curie, Supportive Care Department, Psycho-oncology Unit, PSL University, Paris.,CESP, University Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif cedex, France
| | - Anne Brédart
- Institut Curie, Supportive Care Department, Psycho-oncology Unit, PSL University, Paris.,Paris University, Psychology Institute, Psychopathology and health process laboratory Boulogne-Billancourt
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Dolbeault S, Terrasson J, Rault A, Malinowski D, Bisch AM, Soulié O, Brédart A. Interventions psycho-oncologiques : quelles approches innovantes ? Bull Cancer 2022; 109:548-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Terrasson J, Seigneur É, Rault A, El Mellah L, Dolbeault S, Brédart A. The announcement of treatment resistance from the pediatric oncologist's point of view: a qualitative study. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:132-144. [PMID: 34392770 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1956030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breaking bad news in pediatric oncology covers widely diverse clinical situations. The aim of this study was to highlight the specificities of the announcement of treatment resistance as perceived by pediatric oncologists, particularly in comparison with the disclosure of a cancer diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in two pediatric oncology departments in France, with 15 pediatric oncologists (66.7% were women, aged 44.7 years on average). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed and a thematic content analysis was conducted. Most pediatric oncologists reported emotional difficulties in announcing treatment resistance. Some of them mentioned a personal need to accept resistance to treatment and to mourn the child's chances of recovery, and reported feelings of medical failure. This disclosure was considered more difficult than the announcement of the cancer diagnosis because it was associated with less optimism and more complex and fewer therapeutic options. The attachment bond created with families in the course of treatment seemed to exacerbate the emotional difficulties associated with this announcement. In conclusion, resistance to treatment has an impact on prognosis. It makes it more uncertain. Its announcement for pediatric oncologists is a turning point that affects their initial optimistic perspective. Their emotional difficulties are accentuated by the attachment that has been created with the families. Focusing on difficulties experienced by pediatricians could help to improve parent-pediatrician communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Étienne Seigneur
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, SIREDO Oncology Center, Paris, France
| | - Aude Rault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leïla El Mellah
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Research Center in Epidemiology and Health Population, INSERM, U1018, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Brédart
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Psychopathology and Health Process Laboratory, University of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Brédart A, Rault A, Terrasson J, Seigneur E, De Koning L, Hess E, Savignoni A, Cottu P, Pierga JY, Piperno-Neumann S, Rodrigues M, Bouleuc C, Dolbeault S. Helping Patients Communicate With Oncologists When Cancer Treatment Resistance Occurs to Develop, Test, and Implement a Patient Communication Aid: Sequential Collaborative Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e26414. [PMID: 35019850 PMCID: PMC8792782 DOI: 10.2196/26414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cancer-related deaths result from disseminated diseases that develop resistance to anticancer treatments. Inappropriate communication in this challenging situation may result in unmet patient information and support needs. Patient communication aids such as question prompt lists (QPLs) may help. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and pilot-test a specific QPL in the following two contrasting clinical contexts in France after cancer resistance has developed: triple-negative and luminal B metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM). METHODS A sequential study design with a mixed methods collaborative approach will be applied. The first step aims to build a specific QPL. Step 1a will explore oncologist-patient communication issues from oncology professionals' interviews (n=20 approximately). Step 1b will appraise information and support needs experienced by patients with MBC or MUM both quantitatively (n=80) and qualitatively (n=40 approximately). These data will be used to develop and pilot-test a QPL specific to patients with cancer experiencing initial or acquired resistance to treatment. We expect to obtain a core QPL that comprises questions and concerns commonly expressed by patients with resistant cancer and is complemented by specific issues for either MBC or MUM cancer sites. In step 1c, 2 focus groups of patients with any type of metastatic cancer (n=4) and health care professionals (n=4) will be conducted to revise the content of a preliminary QPL and elaborate an acceptable and feasible clinical implementation. In step 1d, the content of the QPL version 1 and implementation guidance will be validated using a Delphi process. Step 2 will pilot-test the QPL version 1 in real practice with patients with MBC or MUM (n=80). Clinical utility will be assessed by comparing responses to questionnaires administered in step 1b (QPL-naive historical control group) and step 2 (QPL intervention group). RESULTS This study received grants in March and December 2019 and was approved by the French national ethics committee in July 2019. As of October 2021, interviews with oncology professionals have been conducted and analyzed (N=26 to reach saturation), and 39 and 27 patients with MBC and MUM, respectively, have been recruited. CONCLUSIONS A clinically and culturally tailored QPL is expected to facilitate patients' participation in consultations, improve oncologists' responses to patients' information and support needs, and thus foster patients' psychological adjustment to the diagnosis and follow-up of cancer resistance to treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04118062; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04118062. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/26414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brédart
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Psychopathology and Health Process, Paris University, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Aude Rault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Johanna Terrasson
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Seigneur
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leanne De Koning
- Research Centre, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Hess
- Research Centre, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Savignoni
- Direction Recherche Ensemble Hospitalier, Data Management Unit, Biometry Department, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Paul Cottu
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Pierga
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Faculty of medicine, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Carole Bouleuc
- Département Interdisciplinaire de Soins de Support pour le Patient en Oncologie, Department of Supportive Care, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- Psycho-Oncology Unit, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Research Centre in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, U1018, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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Rault A, Terrasson J, Dolbeault S, Brédart A. Réflexions cliniques et éthiques à partir d’une recherche menée en psycho-oncologie sur la communication lors de l’annonce de l’échec d’un traitement antitumoral. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.3166/pson-2022-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cet article rend compte des divers questionnements cliniques et éthiques apparus au cours de notre recherche en psycho-oncologie. Celle-ci porte sur la communication entre les oncologues et leurs patients, et les pédiatres-oncologues et les parents d’enfants malades à un moment particulier de la prise en charge : l’annonce de la résistance au traitement antitumoral et l’absence d’alternative curative connue. La mise en place d’une telle étude nécessite de prendre en compte les aspects émotionnels et psychologiques en jeu. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons les interrogations portant sur le recrutement des participants : comment et quand les contacter ? Par la suite, nous questionnons le potentiel impact de cette recherche pour les participants : quels mots utiliser et quelles questions aborder ? Enfin, nous revenons sur les précautions à prendre dans l’interprétation et la transmission des résultats : quelles sont les incidences des choix méthodologiques ? À chaque étape, nos réflexions sont illustrées par des exemples concrets. Cet article met en exergue la nécessité de la réflexion à la fois clinique et éthique dans le domaine de la recherche en psycho-oncologie.
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Terrasson J, Brédart A, El Mellah L, Doz F, Seigneur É, Dolbeault S. [Emotions Associated with Breaking Bad News in Pediatric Oncology and Parents-Pediatrician Communication: A Status Report]. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:399-414. [PMID: 33707034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This literature review aims to explain how the emotions aroused by the announcement of bad news in pediatric oncology affect communication between parents and pediatric oncologists. In the first part, we summarize the parents' expectations regarding communication with the pediatrician at this critical time in their child's care. Then, in a second part, we specify the influence that the emotions of pediatric oncologists and parents during these announcements can have on parent-pediatrician communication. In this context, the emotions and defense mechanisms of pediatric oncologists, parental distress as expressed by parents and as perceived or feared by pediatricians, are discussed. For this synthesis, we have endeavoured to select studies including both mothers and fathers. On the basis of the observations carried out in this review, we conclude by suggesting avenues for the practical implications and for future research. The continuation of research including both parents appears necessary to allow for a closer adaptation of the reactions and needs of each parent, particularly at key moments in the child's care, such as the announcement of bad news. Encouraging exchanges on the emotions felt within the medical and care team, particularly with the department psychologist, could be an opportunity for pediatricians to question their experience of the announcement of bad news and could promote the circulation of emotions in the parent-pediatrician relationship and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- Unité de Psycho-Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Anne Brédart
- Unité de Psycho-Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France; Laboratoire Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Leïla El Mellah
- Unité de Psycho-Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Doz
- Centre SIREDO - Soins, Innovation, Recherche, en oncologie de l'Enfant, de l'aDOlescent et de l'adulte jeune, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 12, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; UMR 144 CNRS, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Étienne Seigneur
- Unité de Psycho-Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France; Centre SIREDO - Soins, Innovation, Recherche, en oncologie de l'Enfant, de l'aDOlescent et de l'adulte jeune, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dolbeault
- Unité de Psycho-Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France; Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Inserm, U1018, Université Paris-Sud, 94807 Villejuif, France
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Terrasson J, Terrade F, Somat A, Nivot-Adamiak S, Guitteny MA, de Kerdanet M. Association between quality of life of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and parents’ illness perception as evaluated by adolescents. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 23:347-359. [DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1348608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Terrasson
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie, Cognition et Communication (CRPCC, EA 1285), Rennes, France
| | - Florence Terrade
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie, Cognition et Communication (CRPCC, EA 1285), Rennes, France
| | - Alain Somat
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie, Cognition et Communication (CRPCC, EA 1285), Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Marc de Kerdanet
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital, Rennes, France
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