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Lemmer Y, Chapman R, Abolnik C, Smith T, Schäfer G, Hermanus T, du Preez I, Goosen K, Sepotokele KM, Gers S, Suliman T, Preiser W, Shaw ML, Roth R, Truyts A, Chipangura J, Magwaza M, Mahanjana O, Moore PL, O'Kennedy MM. Protective efficacy of a plant-produced beta variant rSARS-CoV-2 VLP vaccine in golden Syrian hamsters. Vaccine 2024; 42:738-744. [PMID: 38238112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for heightened protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, we engineered a prototype vaccine utilizing the plant expression system of Nicotiana benthamiana, to produce a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine presenting the S-protein from the Beta (B.1.351) variant of concern (VOC). This innovative vaccine, formulated with either a squalene oil-in-water emulsion or a synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant, demonstrated efficacy in a golden Syrian Hamster challenge model. The Beta VLP vaccine induced a robust humoral immune response, with serum exhibiting neutralization not only against SARS-CoV-2 Beta but also cross-neutralizing Delta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Protective efficacy was demonstrated, evidenced by reduced viral RNA copies and mitigated weight loss and lung damage compared to controls. This compelling data instills confidence in the creation of a versatile platform for the local manufacturing of potential pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, against evolving viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandy Lemmer
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Ros Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa
| | - Tanja Smith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ilse du Preez
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kruger Goosen
- La-Bio Research Animal Laboratory (a Division of Disease Control Africa), 33 Eland Street, Koedoespoort Industrial, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kamogelo M Sepotokele
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa
| | | | - Tasnim Suliman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robyn Roth
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alma Truyts
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Magwaza
- Tautomer Pty Ltd., Woodmead North Office, 54 Maxwell Drive, Block B, Ground Floor Woodmead, 2191 Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Osborn Mahanjana
- 3Sixty Biopharmaceuticals Pty Ltd., 23 Impala Road, Block B, Chislehurston, Sandton, Gauteng 2196, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martha M O'Kennedy
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Next Generation Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa
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Nethathe B, Chipangura J, Hassan IZ, Duncan N, Adawaren EO, Havenga L, Naidoo V. Diclofenac toxicity in susceptible bird species results from a combination of reduced glomerular filtration and plasma flow with subsequent renal tubular necrosis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12002. [PMID: 34513332 PMCID: PMC8388555 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac caused the death of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have since also been shown to be toxic to vultures with the exception of meloxicam. For this study, we evaluated the effect of diclofenac on renal uric acid transport and glomerulus filtration in an acute toxicity model. In a two-phase study with the same birds, healthy chickens (a validated model species) were treated intravenously with para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and iohexol (IOH) in combination in phase 1. In phase 2, the same PAH and IOH combination was then combined with diclofenac (10 mg/kg). In both phases, blood and faeces were sequentially collected. In phase 1, the birds showed no signs of ill health. Moreover, PAH, IOH and uric acid clearance was rapid. In phase 2, two chickens showed early signs of hyperuricemia 8 hours after exposure and died approximately 24h later. Necropsy showed classic signs of renal damage and gout. Diclofenac had a rapid plasma half-life of elimination of less than 2 hours indicating that toxicity was likely due to an irreversible destruction of a physiological process. All the birds in phase 2 had decreased uric acid, PAH and IOH clearance in comparison to phase 1. The decrease in PAH clearance was variable between the birds (average of 71%) but was near 98% reduced in the two birds that died. It is concluded that diclofenac alters both renal perfusion and renal plasma flow, with death associated with tubular secretion being reduced to negligible functionality for a prolonged period. This would support previous in vitro findings of early cell death from ROS accumulation. However, further evaluation is needed to elucidate this final step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bono Nethathe
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda for Science and Technology, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ibrahim Zubairu Hassan
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neil Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lauren Havenga
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Chipangura J, Wolter K, Naidoo V. Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:41-46. [PMID: 30336288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asian Gyps vulture species are gradually recovering from the devastating effect of diclofenac being present in contaminated carcasses. This drug was responsible for the death of over 10 million vultures in India, Nepal and Pakistan. To prevent the extinction of vultures, meloxicam was introduced after the ban of veterinary diclofenac. Meloxicam's safety in vultures was attributed to its short elimination half-life in contrast with diclofenac. The reason for the rapid elimination of meloxicam is yet to be explained. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of biotransformation in the elimination of meloxicam. Six Cape griffon vultures (Gyps coprotheres) were treated with 2 mg/kg meloxicam intramuscularly for faecal and plasma quantification of meloxicam concentration over time. In the plasma meloxicam was characterised by a half-life, mean residence time, clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of 0.37 ± 0.10 h, 0.90 ± 0.12 h, 0.02 ± 0.00 l/h kg and 0.02 ± 0.00 l/kg respectively (presented as geometric mean). Over the 24 h monitoring period, the total non-metabolised meloxicam in the faeces was 1.35 ± 0.71% of the total concentration in the plasma. Based on the short meloxicam elimination half-life and low cumulative concentration of total faecal meloxicam over a period in excess of 10 half-lives, this study indicates that Cape griffon vultures are efficient metaboliser of meloxicam, which is suggestive of different set of cytochrome enzymes being involved in the metabolism to that for diclofenac in this species. Identification of orthologous human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzyme families in vultures will be an important further step in explaining the differences in the metabolic pathway(s) of meloxicam and diclofenac for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kerri Wolter
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Naidoo V, Taggart MA, Duncan N, Wolter K, Chipangura J, Green RE, Galligan TH. The use of toxicokinetics and exposure studies to show that carprofen in cattle tissue could lead to secondary toxicity and death in wild vultures. Chemosphere 2018; 190:80-89. [PMID: 28985539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary medicines can be extremely damaging to the environment, as seen with the catastrophic declines in Gyps vulture in South Asia due to their secondary exposure to diclofenac in their primary food source. Not surprisingly, concern has been raised over other similar drugs. In this study, we evaluate the toxicity of carprofen to the Gyps vulture clade through plasma pharmacokinetics evaluations in Bos taurus cattle (their food source) and Gyps africanus (a validated model species); tissue residues in cattle; and the effect of carprofen as a secondary toxicant as both tissue-bound residue or pure drug at levels expected in cattle tissues. Carprofen residues were highest in cattle kidney (7.72 ± 2.38 mg/kg) and injection site muscle (289.05 ± 98.96 mg/kg of dimension of 5 × 5 × 5 cm). Vultures exposed to carprofen as residues in the kidney tissue or pure drug equivalents showed no toxic signs. When exposed to average injection site concentrations (64 mg/kg) one of two birds died with evidence of severe renal and liver damage. Toxicokinetic analysis revealed a prolonged drug half-life of 37.75 h in the dead bird as opposed to 13.99 ± 5.61 h from healthy birds dosed intravenously at 5 mg/kg. While carprofen may generally be harmless to Gyps vultures, its high levels at the injection site in treated cattle can result in lethal exposure in foraging vultures, due to relative small area of tissue it is found therein. We thus suggest that carprofen not be used in domesticated ungulates in areas where carcasses are accessible or provided to vultures at supplementary feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - M A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle St, Thurso, Scotland, KW17 7JD, UK
| | - N Duncan
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Wolter
- VulPro, Plot 121, Rietfontein, 0048, South Africa
| | - J Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R E Green
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - T H Galligan
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB2 3QZ, UK
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Galligan TH, Taggart MA, Cuthbert RJ, Svobodova D, Chipangura J, Alderson D, Prakash VM, Naidoo V. Metabolism of aceclofenac in cattle to vulture-killing diclofenac. Conserv Biol 2016; 30:1122-1127. [PMID: 26931376 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is highly toxic to Gyps vultures, and its recent widespread use in South Asia caused catastrophic declines in at least 3 scavenging raptors. The manufacture of veterinary formulations of diclofenac has since been banned across the region with mixed success. However, at least 12 other NSAIDs are available for veterinary use in South Asia. Aceclofenac is one of these compounds, and it is known to metabolize into diclofenac in some mammal species. The metabolic pathway of aceclofenac in cattle, the primary food of vultures in South Asia, is unknown. We gave 6 cattle the recommended dose of aceclofenac (2 mg/kg), collected blood thereafter at intervals for up to 12 h, and used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in a pharmacokinetic analysis of aceclofenac and diclofenac in the plasma. Nearly all the aceclofenac administered to the cattle was very rapidly metabolized into diclofenac. At 2 h, half the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac, and at 12 h four-fifths of the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac. Therefore, administering aceclofenac to livestock poses the same risk to vultures as administering diclofenac to livestock. This, coupled with the risk that aceclofenac may replace diclofenac in the veterinary market, points to the need for an immediate ban on all aceclofenac formulations that can be used to treat livestock. Without such a ban, the recovery of vultures across South Asia will not be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Galligan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, U.K..
| | - M A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, U.K
| | - R J Cuthbert
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL, U.K
- Wildlife Conservation Society, P.O. Box 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province 441, Papua New Guinea
| | - D Svobodova
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Castle Street, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7JD, U.K
| | - J Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, 0110, South Africa
| | - D Alderson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Janetstown, Thurso, Scotland, KW14 7XF, U.K
| | - V M Prakash
- Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Mumbai, 400023, India
| | - V Naidoo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, P.O. Box 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province 441, Papua New Guinea
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