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Petrocelli JV, Curran JM, Stall LM. Bullshit can be harmful to your health: Bullibility as a precursor to poor decision--making. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101769. [PMID: 38091665 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Bullshitting is characterized by sharing information with little to no regard for truth, established knowledge, or genuine evidence. It involves the use of various rhetorical strategies to make one's statements sound knowledgeable, impressive, persuasive, influential, or confusing in order to aid bullshitters in explaining things in areas where their obligations to provide opinions exceed their actual knowledge in those domains. Distinct from gullibility (i.e., a propensity to accept a false premise in the presence of untrustworthiness cues), we highlight the research on bullibility (i.e., believing bullshit even in the face of social cues that signal something is bullshit) and its links to erroneous judgments and decisions. A deeper understanding of bullibility is critical to identifying and correcting poor decision-making.
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Albarracin D, Conway P, Laurent S, Laurin K, Manzi F, Petrocelli JV, Rattan A, Salvador CE, Stern C, Todd A, Touré-Tillery M, Wakslak C, Zou X. Inaugural editorial. J Pers Soc Psychol 2024; 126:1-4. [PMID: 38386371 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The commencement of a new editorial tenure within the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition (JPSP: ASC) provides an opportunity for reflection regarding the journal's core mission. The editors recognize that social psychology is at a crossroads due to competing demands that may have led to reduced submissions and posed challenges for previous editors in filling the journal's pages. Now, JPSP: ASC has been allotted more pages to allow for growth during this editorial term. Although this is desirable for the field, it adds to the pressure of identifying articles for publication given the difficulties filling the pages during previous editorial terms. As the premier outlet of social psychology since 1965, JPSP: ASC will retain its centrality if we increase submissions and publish more articles, while continuing to strive to communicate methodologically trustworthy, intellectually stimulating, and socially relevant research, in a responsible fashion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Conway
- University of Southampton, Department of Psychology
| | - Sean Laurent
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology
| | - Kristin Laurin
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology
| | - Francesca Manzi
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Management
| | | | | | | | - Chadly Stern
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology
| | - Andrew Todd
- University of California-Davis, Department of Psychology
| | | | - Cheryl Wakslak
- University of Southern California, Department of Management and Organization
| | - Xi Zou
- Nanyang Technical University, Division of Leadership, Management and Organization
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Petrocelli JV, Seta CE, Seta JJ. Lies and Bullshit: The Negative Effects of Misinformation Grow Stronger Over Time. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stall LM, Petrocelli JV. Countering Conspiracy Theory Beliefs: Understanding the Conjunction Fallacy and Considering Disconfirming Evidence. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vohs KD, Schmeichel BJ, Lohmann S, Gronau QF, Finley AJ, Ainsworth SE, Alquist JL, Baker MD, Brizi A, Bunyi A, Butschek GJ, Campbell C, Capaldi J, Cau C, Chambers H, Chatzisarantis NLD, Christensen WJ, Clay SL, Curtis J, De Cristofaro V, Del Rosario K, Diel K, Doğruol Y, Doi M, Donaldson TL, Eder AB, Ersoff M, Eyink JR, Falkenstein A, Fennis BM, Findley MB, Finkel EJ, Forgea V, Friese M, Fuglestad P, Garcia-Willingham NE, Geraedts LF, Gervais WM, Giacomantonio M, Gibson B, Gieseler K, Gineikiene J, Gloger EM, Gobes CM, Grande M, Hagger MS, Hartsell B, Hermann AD, Hidding JJ, Hirt ER, Hodge J, Hofmann W, Howell JL, Hutton RD, Inzlicht M, James L, Johnson E, Johnson HL, Joyce SM, Joye Y, Kaben JH, Kammrath LK, Kelly CN, Kissell BL, Koole SL, Krishna A, Lam C, Lee KT, Lee N, Leighton DC, Loschelder DD, Maranges HM, Masicampo EJ, Mazara K, McCarthy S, McGregor I, Mead NL, Mendes WB, Meslot C, Michalak NM, Milyavskaya M, Miyake A, Moeini-Jazani M, Muraven M, Nakahara E, Patel K, Petrocelli JV, Pollak KM, Price MM, Ramsey HJ, Rath M, Robertson JA, Rockwell R, Russ IF, Salvati M, Saunders B, Scherer A, Schütz A, Schmitt KN, Segerstrom SC, Serenka B, Sharpinskyi K, Shaw M, Sherman J, Song Y, Sosa N, Spillane K, Stapels J, Stinnett AJ, Strawser HR, Sweeny K, Theodore D, Tonnu K, van Oldenbeuving Y, vanDellen MR, Vergara RC, Walker JS, Waugh CE, Weise F, Werner KM, Wheeler C, White RA, Wichman AL, Wiggins BJ, Wills JA, Wilson JH, Wagenmakers EJ, Albarracín D. A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1566-1581. [PMID: 34520296 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621989733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project (k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result (d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect (d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Vohs
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Sophie Lohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Quentin F Gronau
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | - Anna J Finley
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | - Ambra Brizi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Chuting Cau
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Heather Chambers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Samuel L Clay
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University-Idaho
| | - Jessica Curtis
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Doi
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Mia Ersoff
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University
| | - Julie R Eyink
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | | | - Bob M Fennis
- Department of Marketing, University of Groningen
| | | | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Will M Gervais
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Psychology, Brunel University London
| | | | - Bryan Gibson
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin S Hagger
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä
| | | | | | | | - Edward R Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Josh Hodge
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily James
- London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | - Yannick Joye
- Department of Management, ISM University of Management and Economics
| | | | | | | | | | - Sander L Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | - Christine Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Nick Lee
- School of Psychology, Curtin University
| | - Dana C Leighton
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Texas A&M University, Texarkana
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian McGregor
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
| | | | - Wendy B Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Erin Nakahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Mindi M Price
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | - Jacob A Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Marco Salvati
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Anne Scherer
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | - Kristin N Schmitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | | | | | - Janelle Sherman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | | | | | | | - Hannah R Strawser
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Kate Sweeny
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Karine Tonnu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feline Weise
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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Petrocelli JV, Silverman HE, Shang SX. Social perception and influence of lies vs. bullshit: a test of the insidious bullshit hypothesis. Curr Psychol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petrocelli JV. Politically oriented bullshit detection: Attitudinally conditional bullshit receptivity and bullshit sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220987602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bullshit results from communicating with little to no regard for truth, evidence, or established knowledge (Frankfurt, 1986; Petrocelli, 2018a). Such disregard for truth serves as a common source of antiscientific beliefs and endorsement of alternative facts and is thereby critical to understand. To examine how social perceptions of bullshit may be conditional upon the political orientation of a source and the extremity of one’s political attitudes, two experiments manipulated the alleged political source of bullshit messages and measured the direction and strength of political orientation. In Experiment 1, participants rated the profundity of nonsense statements allegedly stated by high-profile left/liberal or right/conservative political leaders. Experiment 2 participants rated the profundity of both bullshit statements and factual quotations regarding innovation. Results of both experiments suggest that bullshit receptivity and bullshit sensitivity are dependent on the alignment of the source’s bullshit content with the direction and extremity of one’s political attitudes.
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Petrocelli JV. Bullshitting and persuasion: The persuasiveness of a disregard for the truth. Br J Soc Psychol 2021; 60:1464-1483. [PMID: 33591596 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although generally viewed as a common and undesirable social behaviour, very little is known about the nature of bullshitting (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence or truth; Raritan Q Rev 6, 1986, 81); its consequences; and its potential communicative utility. Specifically, it is hypothesized that bullshitting may be may be relatively influential under specified conditions. Experiment 1 participants were exposed to a traditional persuasion paradigm, receiving either strong or weak arguments in either an evidence-based or bullshit frame. Experiment 2 also incorporated a manipulation of a peripheral route cue (i.e., source attractiveness). Findings demonstrate that bullshitting can be an effective means of influence when arguments are weak, yet undermine persuasive attempts when arguments are strong. Results also suggest that bullshit frames may cue peripheral route processing of persuasive information relative to evidence-based frames that appear to cue central route processing. Results are discussed in light of social perception and attitude change.
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Abstract
Abstract. Two experiments investigate the role of self-regulatory resources in bullshitting behavior (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence, established knowledge, or truth; Frankfurt, 1986 ; Petrocelli, 2018a ), and receptivity and sensitivity to bullshit. It is hypothesized that evidence-based communication and bullshit detection require motivation and considerably greater self-regulatory resources relative to bullshitting and insensitivity to bullshit. In Experiment 1 ( N = 210) and Experiment 2 ( N = 214), participants refrained from bullshitting only when they possessed adequate self-regulatory resources and expected to be held accountable for their communicative contributions. Results of both experiments also suggest that people are more receptive to bullshit, and less sensitive to detecting bullshit, under conditions in which they possess relatively few self-regulatory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Haley F. Watson
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Edward R. Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Street RL, Petrocelli JV, Amroze A, Bergelt C, Murphy M, Wieting JM, Mazor KM. How Communication "Failed" or "Saved the Day": Counterfactual Accounts of Medical Errors. J Patient Exp 2020; 7:1247-1254. [PMID: 33457572 PMCID: PMC7786716 DOI: 10.1177/2374373520925270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication breakdowns among clinicians, patients, and family members can lead to medical errors, yet effective communication may prevent such mistakes. This investigation examined patients' and family members' experiences where they believed communication failures contributed to medical errors or where effective communication prevented a medical error ("close calls"). The study conducted a thematic analysis of open-ended responses to an online survey of patients' and family members' past experiences with medical errors or close calls. Of the 93 respondents, 56 (60%) provided stories of medical errors, and the remaining described close calls. Two predominant themes emerged in medical error stories that were attributed to health care providers-information inadequacy (eg, delayed, inaccurate) and not listening to or being dismissive of a patient's or family member's concerns. In stories of close calls, a patient's or family member's proactive communication (eg, being assertive, persistent) most often "saved the day." The findings highlight the importance of encouraging active patient/family involvement in a patient's medical care to prevent errors and of improving systems to provide meaningful information in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Street
- Department of Communication, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John V Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Azraa Amroze
- Meyers Primary Care Institute, a Joint Endeavor of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Reliant Medical Group and Fallon Health, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Corinna Bergelt
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margaret Murphy
- Patients for Patient Safety (PFPS), WHO Patients for Patient Safety, Ireland
| | - J Michael Wieting
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Kathleen M Mazor
- Meyers Primary Care Institute, a Joint Endeavor of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Reliant Medical Group and Fallon Health, Worcester, MA, USA
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Petrocelli JV. Hierarchical Multiple Regression in Counseling Research: Common Problems and Possible Remedies. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2003.12069076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Glaser BA, Campbell LF, Calhoun GB, Bates JM, Petrocelli JV. The Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: A Construct Validity Study. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2002.12069043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Glaser
- Brian A. Glaser, Linda F. Campbell, and Georgia B. Calhoun are associate professors, and Jeffrey M. Bates and John V. Petrocelli are doctoral students, all in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia in Athens
| | - Linda F. Campbell
- Brian A. Glaser, Linda F. Campbell, and Georgia B. Calhoun are associate professors, and Jeffrey M. Bates and John V. Petrocelli are doctoral students, all in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia in Athens
| | - Georgia B. Calhoun
- Brian A. Glaser, Linda F. Campbell, and Georgia B. Calhoun are associate professors, and Jeffrey M. Bates and John V. Petrocelli are doctoral students, all in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia in Athens
| | - Jeffrey M. Bates
- Brian A. Glaser, Linda F. Campbell, and Georgia B. Calhoun are associate professors, and Jeffrey M. Bates and John V. Petrocelli are doctoral students, all in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia in Athens
| | - John V. Petrocelli
- Brian A. Glaser, Linda F. Campbell, and Georgia B. Calhoun are associate professors, and Jeffrey M. Bates and John V. Petrocelli are doctoral students, all in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia in Athens
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Cohen PJ, Glaser BA, Calhoun GB, Bradshaw CP, Petrocelli JV. Examining Readiness for Change: A Preliminary Evaluation of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment With Incarcerated Adolescents. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2005.11909768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that attitude certainty influences the degree to which an attitude changes in response to persuasive appeals. In the current research, decoding emotions from facial expressions and incidental processing fluency, during attitude formation, are examined as antecedents of both attitude certainty and attitude change. In Experiment 1, participants who decoded anger or happiness during attitude formation expressed their greater attitude certainty, and showed more resistance to persuasion than participants who decoded sadness. By manipulating the emotion decoded, the diagnosticity of processing fluency experienced during emotion decoding, and the gaze direction of the social targets, Experiment 2 suggests that the link between emotion decoding and attitude certainty results from incidental processing fluency. Experiment 3 demonstrated that fluency in processing irrelevant stimuli influences attitude certainty, which in turn influences resistance to persuasion. Implications for appraisal-based accounts of attitude formation and attitude change are discussed.
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Abstract
Experiential and associative learning are essential to optimal decision making. However, research shows that, even when exposed to repeated trials, people often fail to learn probabilities and cause/effect covariations. Consistent with the counterfactual inflation hypothesis, it is proposed that counterfactuals can interfere with memory of repeated exposures and therefore inhibit learning. Five experimental studies tested counterfactual thinking as a potential mechanism underlying this learning deficit using a simple, biased coin flipping paradigm. Participants were instructed to either simply observe or to predict and observe outcomes of a biased coin being flipped in multiple trials (Experiments 1-4). In all four experiments, counterfactual thought frequency mediated the relationship between task instructions and the extent of bias detection (i.e., learning). Experiment 5 showed that mental simulations of alternative outcomes were especially deleterious to learning and decision making. Findings are discussed in light of experiential learning theory and applied implications.
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Petrocelli JV, Calhoun GB, Glaser BA. The Role of General Family Functioning in the Quality of the Mother-Daughter Relationship of Female African American Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Black Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798403256889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little investigative knowledge exists with regard to the roles that adolescent-parent relationships play in the development of female juvenile delinquency among African Americans. In the current investigation, the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Relations were employed to examine 76 female African American juvenile offenders' perceptions of their existing family functioning characteristics and the quality of their relationships with their mothers. Results indicated that all of the family functioning constructs measured by the FAD, except communication, were positively related to the quality of the mother-daughter relationship as perceived by the daughter. However, when the perceived quality of the relationship was simultaneously regressed on each of the constructs measured by the FAD, only the simple effect of general family functioning appeared to contribute significantly to the quality of the relationship. Findings are discussed in light of the need to further explore delinquency in female African American adolescents and implications for interventions and prevention practices.
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Abstract
Discrepancies between people's ought selves and their actual selves and their ideal selves and actual selves predict the emotions that individuals experience. The authors predicted that internal versus external causal attributions for self-discrepancies should moderate the relationship between self-discrepancies and emotions, resulting in more refined predictions for both agitationand dejection-related emotions and for two additional types of emotion, namely, anger-related and discontent-related emotions. Results of two studies generally supported the predictions that agitation-related emotions and dejection-related emotions were positively associated with actual-ought discrepancies and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, only when causal attributions for the discrepancies were internally based. Angerrelated emotions and emotions of discontent were positively associated with actual-ought and actual-ideal discrepancies, respectively, primarily when causal attributions were externally based. Study 2, which addressed group discrepancies and group-based emotions, generally replicated the findings when group identification was high, yielding a more complex model of the link between discrepancies and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, 47405, USA.
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Petrocelli JV, Williams SA, Clarkson JJ. The bigger they come, the harder they fall: The paradoxical effect of regulatory depletion on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Seta CE, Seta JJ, Petrocelli JV, McCormick M. Even better than the real thing: Alternative outcome bias affects decision judgements and decision regret. Thinking & Reasoning 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2015.1034779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Seta
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John J. Seta
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - John V. Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael McCormick
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Petrocelli JV. Pitfalls of counterfactual thinking in medical practice: preventing errors by using more functional reference points. J Public Health Res 2013; 2:e24. [PMID: 25170495 PMCID: PMC4147742 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2013.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Counterfactual thinking involves mentally simulating alternatives to reality. The current article reviews literature pertaining to the relevance counterfactual thinking has for the quality of medical decision making. Although earlier counterfactual thought research concluded that counterfactuals have important benefits for the individual, there are reasons to believe that counterfactual thinking is also associated with dysfunctional consequences. Of particular focus is whether or not medical experience, and its influence on counterfactual thinking, actually informs or improves medical practice. It is hypothesized that relatively more probable decision alternatives, followed by undesirable outcomes and counterfactual thought responses, can be abandoned for relatively less probable decision alternatives. Design and Methods Building on earlier research demonstrating that counterfactual thinking can impede memory and learning in a decision paradigm with undergraduate students, the current study examines the extent to which earlier findings can be generalized to practicing physicians (N=10). Participants were asked to complete 60 trials of a computerized Monty Hall Problem simulation. Learning by experience was operationalized as the frequency of switch-decisions. Results Although some learning was evidenced by a general increase in switch-decision frequency across block trials, the extent of learning demonstrated was not ideal, nor practical. Conclusions A simple, multiple-trial, decision paradigm demonstrated that doctors fail to learn basic decision-outcome associations through experience. An agenda for future research, which tests the functionality of reference points (other than counterfactual alternatives) for the purposes of medical decision making, is proposed. Significance for public health The quality of healthcare depends heavily on the judgments and decisions made by doctors and other medical professionals. Findings from this research indicate that doctors fail to learn basic decision-outcome associations through experience, as evidenced by the sample’s tendency to select the optimal decision strategy in only 50% of 60 trials (each of which was followed by veridical feedback). These findings suggest that professional experience is unlikely to enhance the quality of medical decision making. Thus, this research has implications for understanding how doctors’ reactions to medical outcomes shape their judgments and affect the degree to which their future treatment intentions are consistent with clinical practice guidelines. The current research is integrated with earlier research on counter-factual thinking, which appears to be a primary element inhibiting the learning of decision-outcome associations. An agenda for future research is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Dowd KW, Petrocelli JV, Wood MT. Integrating information from multiple sources: A metacognitive account of self-generated and externally provided anchors. Thinking & Reasoning 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2013.811442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Petrocelli JV, Seta CE, Seta JJ. Dysfunctional counterfactual thinking: When simulating alternatives to reality impedes experiential learning. Thinking & Reasoning 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2013.775073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Petrocelli JV, Seta CE, Seta JJ, Prince LB. “If only I could stop generating counterfactual thoughts”: When counterfactual thinking interferes with academic performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Prefactual thoughts typically take the form of implied or explicit if–then statements that represent mental simulations of alternatives to what is expected to occur in the future. The authors propose that the multiplicative combination of “if likelihood” (the degree to which the antecedent condition of the prefactual is perceived to be likely) and “then likelihood” (the perceived conditional likelihood of the outcome of the prefactual, given the antecedent condition) determine the influence of prefactuals. This construct, termed prefactual potency, is a reliable predictor of the degree of influence of prefactual thinking on judgments of anticipated negative affect. Through three experiments, the authors demonstrate the predictive power of this construct and show that it plays a causal role in determining the strength of the effects of prefactual thought. Implications of prefactual potency as a central factor of prefactual influence are discussed.
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Trusty J, Thompson B, Petrocelli JV. Practical Guide for Reporting Effect Size in Quantitative Research in theJournal of Counseling & Development. Journal of Counseling & Development 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Despite repeated trials, people consistently fail to learn the solution to the Monty Hall problem (MHP). This research examines the links between learning, counterfactual thinking, and memory for decision/outcome frequencies. Study 1 participants completed 60 MHP trials and listed their thoughts following losses. Results showed that participants tended to counterfactualize switch losses more than stick losses, adhered to the prescriptions of their counterfactuals more frequently following switch losses than any other decisions/outcomes, and were less likely to learn the solution as counterfactuals increased. Furthermore, memory for switch losses was significantly overestimated, and the relationship between counterfactuals and learning was mediated by misestimation of decision/outcome frequencies. In Study 2, counterfactual salience was manipulated. Learning was less likely to occur when counterfactual salience was high than when it was low, a relationship that was again mediated by memory of decision/outcome frequencies. Findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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Petrocelli JV, Clarkson JJ, Tormala ZL, Hendrix KS. Perceiving stability as a means to attitude certainty: The role of implicit theories of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Petrocelli JV, Martin JL, Li WY. Shaping behavior through malleable self-perceptions: A test of the forced-agreement scale effect (FASE). Journal of Research in Personality 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Petrocelli JV, Sherman SJ. Event detail and confidence in gambling: The role of counterfactual thought reactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petrocelli JV, Crysel LC. Counterfactual thinking and confidence in blackjack: A test of the counterfactual inflation hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Janssen E, Goodrich D, Petrocelli JV, Bancroft J. Psychophysiological response patterns and risky sexual behavior in heterosexual and homosexual men. Arch Sex Behav 2009; 38:538-550. [PMID: 19030978 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-008-9432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The past few years have seen an increased awareness of the relevance of studying the role of sexual response, emotion, and traits such as sensation seeking and the propensity for sexual inhibition in risky sexual behavior. The current study examined the association between self-reported sexual risk taking and psychophysiological response patterns in 76 heterosexual and homosexual men. Measures included genital, electrodermal, startle eyeblink, and cardiovascular responses, and stimuli included threatening (depicting coercive sexual interactions) and nonthreatening (depicting consensual sexual interactions) sexual film excerpts. Sexual risk taking was hypothesized to be associated with decreased inhibition of sexual arousal and hyporeactive affective and autonomic responses to threatening sexual stimuli. Controlling for age and number of sexual partners in the past year, sexual risk taking (number of partners during the past 3 years with whom no condoms were used) was found to be associated with stronger genital responses and smaller eyeblink responses to both threatening and nonthreatening sexual stimuli. Correlations between genital and subjective sexual arousal were relatively low. Sexual risk taking was related to sensation seeking but not to the propensity for sexual inhibition. The findings suggest that risky sexual behavior may involve a role for psychophysiological mechanisms that are specific to sex as well as for ones that are associated with more general approach/avoidance response tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Janssen
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405-2501, USA.
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Petrocelli JV, Dowd K. Ease of Counterfactual Thought Generation Moderates the Relationship Between Need for Cognition and Punitive Responses to Crime. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009; 35:1179-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167209337164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Punitive responses to crime have been linked to a relatively low need for cognition (NFC). Sargent's (2004) findings suggest that this relationship is due to a relatively complex attributional system, employed by high-NFC individuals, which permits them to recognize potential external or situational causes of crime. However, high-NFC individuals may also be more likely to engage in counterfactual thinking, which has been linked to greater judgments of blame and responsibility. Three studies examine the relationship between trait and state NFC and punitiveness in light of counterfactual thinking. Results suggest that the ease of generating upward counterfactuals in response to an unfortunate crime moderates the NFC-punitiveness relationship, such that high-NFC individuals are less punitive than low-NFC individuals only when counterfactual thoughts are relatively difficult to generate. These findings are discussed in light of punishment theory and their possible implications with regard to the legal system.
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Sherman JW, Kruschke JK, Sherman SJ, Percy EJ, Petrocelli JV, Conrey FR. Attentional processes in stereotype formation: A common model for category accentuation and illusory correlation. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009; 96:305-23. [DOI: 10.1037/a0013778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Petrocelli JV. Book Review: Review ofSocial Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles(2nd ed.). The Journal of Social Psychology 2008. [DOI: 10.3200/socp.148.6.775-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Attitude certainty has been the subject of considerable attention in the attitudes and persuasion literature. The present research identifies 2 aspects of attitude certainty and provides evidence for the distinctness of the constructs. Specifically, it is proposed that attitude certainty can be conceptualized, and empirically separated, in terms of attitude clarity (the subjective sense that one knows what one's attitude is) and attitude correctness (the subjective sense that one's attitude is correct or valid). Experiment 1 uses factor analysis and correlational data to provide evidence for viewing attitude clarity and attitude correctness as separate constructs. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that attitude clarity and attitude correctness can have distinct antecedents (repeated expression and consensus feedback, respectively). Experiment 4 reveals that these constructs each play an independent role in persuasion and resistance situations. As clarity and correctness increase, attitudes become more resistant to counterattitudinal persuasive messages. These findings are discussed in relation to the existing attitude strength literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Johnson AL, Crawford MT, Sherman SJ, Rutchick AM, Hamilton DL, Ferreira MB, Petrocelli JV. A functional perspective on group memberships: Differential need fulfillment in a group typology. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The author examined the factor structure of the 12-item Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) Scale (A. Strathman, F. Gleicher, D. S. Boninger, & S. Edwards, 1994) among 664 undergraduate university students enrolled in human development courses. A principal-components factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded 2 factors. The author used confirmatory factor analysis procedures to examine the fit of 4 models, according to the principal-components factor analysis findings, with the observed covariance. The author used a number of fit indices to compare the 4 models. Both sets of analysis provided the greatest support for an 8-item short version of the CFC Scale. The author discussed findings in regard to the CFC Scale as an instrument to measure future time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, University of Georgia, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Petrocelli
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, University of Georgia, 402 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Petrocelli JV. Effectiveness of Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for General Symptomatology: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/0193392202027001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This investigation attempted to examine the cognitive schemas of five distinct clusters that emerged from a cluster analysis of the personality disorder scales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (Millon, 1987). Specifically, the degree to which early maladaptive schemas, as measured by the Cognitive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young, 1994), could correctly identify empirically derived patterns of personality disorders was examined. Between-cluster differences centered on five personality components and five schemas. Discriminant analyses revealed two significant functions composed of cognitive schemas, which correctly identified 61.2% of the entire sample in terms of cluster group membership. The total proportion of variance in the two significant functions associated with cluster group differences was 76.8%. Findings are discussed in relation to the domain theory of personality disorders posited by Millon and Davis (1996).
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Petrocelli
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, University of Georgia, 402 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
This investigation was designed to examine the relationship between depression severity and personality disorders measured by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (Millon, 1987) and affectivity measured by the Positive Affectivity/Negative Affectivity Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). Discriminant analyses were employed to identify the personality and affective dimensions that maximally discriminate between 4 different levels of depressive severity. Differences between the 4 levels of depressive severity are suggestive of unique patterns of personality characteristics. Discriminant analysis showed that 74.8% of the cases were correctly classified by a single linear discriminant function, and that 61% of the variance in depression severity was accounted for by selected personality and affect variables. Results extend current conceptualizations of comorbidity and are discussed with respect to depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Petrocelli
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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Petrocelli JV. Review of Scientist-practitioner perspectives on test interpretation. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2000. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.37.1.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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