1
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Ratz L, Brambillasca C, Bartke L, Huetzen MA, Goergens J, Leidecker O, Jachimowicz RD, van de Ven M, Proost N, Siteur B, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Bouwman P, Pulver EM, de Bruijn R, Isensee J, Hucho T, Pandey G, van Lohuizen M, Mallmann P, Reinhardt HC, Jonkers J, Puppe J. Combined inhibition of EZH2 and ATM is synthetic lethal in BRCA1-deficient breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:41. [PMID: 35715861 PMCID: PMC9206299 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of BRCA1-mutant breast cancers are characterized by a triple-negative phenotype and a basal-like molecular subtype, associated with aggressive clinical behavior. Current treatment options are limited, highlighting the need for the development of novel targeted therapies for this tumor subtype. Methods Our group previously showed that EZH2 is functionally relevant in BRCA1-deficient breast tumors and blocking EZH2 enzymatic activity could be a potent treatment strategy. To validate the role of EZH2 as a therapeutic target and to identify new synergistic drug combinations, we performed a high-throughput drug combination screen in various cell lines derived from BRCA1-deficient and -proficient mouse mammary tumors.
Results We identified the combined inhibition of EZH2 and the proximal DNA damage response kinase ATM as a novel synthetic lethality-based therapy for the treatment of BRCA1-deficient breast tumors. We show that the combined treatment with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and the ATM inhibitor AZD1390 led to reduced colony formation, increased genotoxic stress, and apoptosis-mediated cell death in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumor cells in vitro. These findings were corroborated by in vivo experiments showing that simultaneous inhibition of EZH2 and ATM significantly increased anti-tumor activity in mice bearing BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors.
Conclusion Taken together, we identified a synthetic lethal interaction between EZH2 and ATM and propose this synergistic interaction as a novel molecular combination for the treatment of BRCA1-mutant breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Ratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Chiara Brambillasca
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leandra Bartke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxim A Huetzen
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Goergens
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Orsolya Leidecker
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron D Jachimowicz
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Proost
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Siteur
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Bouwman
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia M Pulver
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roebi de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Puppe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Schmidt J, Goergens J, Pochechueva T, Kotter A, Schwenzer N, Sitte M, Werner G, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Isensee J, Li Y, Müller C, Leube B, Reinhardt HC, Hucho T, Salinas G, Helm M, Jachimowicz RD, Wieczorek D, Kohl T, Lehnart SE, Yigit G, Wollnik B. Biallelic variants in YRDC cause a developmental disorder with progeroid features. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1679-1693. [PMID: 34545459 PMCID: PMC8553732 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved YrdC domain-containing protein (YRDC) interacts with the well-described KEOPS complex, regulating specific tRNA modifications to ensure accurate protein synthesis. Previous studies have linked the KEOPS complex to a role in promoting telomere maintenance and controlling genome integrity. Here, we report on a newborn with a severe neonatal progeroid phenotype including generalized loss of subcutaneous fat, microcephaly, growth retardation, wrinkled skin, renal failure, and premature death at the age of 12 days. By trio whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation, c.662T > C, in YRDC affecting an evolutionary highly conserved amino acid (p.Ile221Thr). Functional characterization of patient-derived dermal fibroblasts revealed that this mutation impairs YRDC function and consequently results in reduced t6A modifications of tRNAs. Furthermore, we established and performed a novel and highly sensitive 3-D Q-FISH analysis based on single-telomere detection to investigate the impact of YRDC on telomere maintenance. This analysis revealed significant telomere shortening in YRDC-mutant cells. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of YRDC-mutant fibroblasts revealed significant transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression, specifically enriched for genes associated with processes involved in DNA repair. We next examined the DNA damage response of patient’s dermal fibroblasts and detected an increased susceptibility to genotoxic agents and a global DNA double-strand break repair defect. Thus, our data suggest that YRDC may affect the maintenance of genomic stability. Together, our findings indicate that biallelic variants in YRDC result in a developmental disorder with progeroid features and might be linked to increased genomic instability and telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Goergens
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatiana Pochechueva
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Kotter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niko Schwenzer
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Sitte
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesa Werner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Leube
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Translational Pain Research, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ron D Jachimowicz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Kohl
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Unit SFB 1002, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Unit SFB 1190, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Transatlantic Network of Excellence CURE-PLaN, Fondation Leducq, Paris, France
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding components of the DNA damage response (DDR) are among the most frequent aberrations in human tumors. Moreover, a large array of human syndromes is caused by mutations in genes involved in DDR pathways. Among others, homologous recombination repair (HR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) is frequently affected by disabling mutations. While impaired HR is clearly promoting tumorigenesis, it is also associated with an actionable sensitivity against PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibitors have recently received FDA approval for the treatment of breast- and ovarian cancer. However, as with all molecularly targeted agents, acquired resistance limits its use. Both pharmaco-genomic approaches and the study of human genome instability syndromes have led to a profound understanding of PARP inhibitor resistance. These experiments have revealed new insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive mammalian DSB repair. Here, we review recent discoveries in the field and provide a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron D Jachimowicz
- a Clinic I of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Jonas Goergens
- a Clinic I of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- a Clinic I of Internal Medicine , University Hospital Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,b Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,d Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf, Cologne Site , University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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4
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Jachimowicz RD, Beleggia F, Isensee J, Velpula BB, Goergens J, Bustos MA, Doll MA, Shenoy A, Checa-Rodriguez C, Wiederstein JL, Baranes-Bachar K, Bartenhagen C, Hertwig F, Teper N, Nishi T, Schmitt A, Distelmaier F, Lüdecke HJ, Albrecht B, Krüger M, Schumacher B, Geiger T, Hoon DSB, Huertas P, Fischer M, Hucho T, Peifer M, Ziv Y, Reinhardt HC, Wieczorek D, Shiloh Y. UBQLN4 Represses Homologous Recombination and Is Overexpressed in Aggressive Tumors. Cell 2019; 176:505-519.e22. [PMID: 30612738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability can be a hallmark of both human genetic disease and cancer. We identify a deleterious UBQLN4 mutation in families with an autosomal recessive syndrome reminiscent of genome instability disorders. UBQLN4 deficiency leads to increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress and delayed DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The proteasomal shuttle factor UBQLN4 is phosphorylated by ATM and interacts with ubiquitylated MRE11 to mediate early steps of homologous recombination-mediated DSB repair (HRR). Loss of UBQLN4 leads to chromatin retention of MRE11, promoting non-physiological HRR activity in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, UBQLN4 overexpression represses HRR and favors non-homologous end joining. Moreover, we find UBQLN4 overexpressed in aggressive tumors. In line with an HRR defect in these tumors, UBQLN4 overexpression is associated with PARP1 inhibitor sensitivity. UBQLN4 therefore curtails HRR activity through removal of MRE11 from damaged chromatin and thus offers a therapeutic window for PARP1 inhibitor treatment in UBQLN4-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron D Jachimowicz
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Bhagya Bhavana Velpula
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonas Goergens
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Matias A Bustos
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Markus A Doll
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Genome Stability in Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anjana Shenoy
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Cintia Checa-Rodriguez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Department of Genetics, University of Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Janica Lea Wiederstein
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Keren Baranes-Bachar
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Christoph Bartenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Falk Hertwig
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Nizan Teper
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tomohiko Nishi
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Lüdecke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Albrecht
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Genome Stability in Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Huertas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Department of Genetics, University of Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Experimental Anesthesiology and Pain Research, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Martin Peifer
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yael Ziv
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Clinic Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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