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de Sousa BM, Correia CR, Ferreira JAF, Mano JF, Furlani EP, Dos Santos MPS, Vieira SI. Author Correction: Capacitive interdigitated system of high osteoinductive/conductive performance for personalized acting-sensing implants. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:5. [PMID: 38245598 PMCID: PMC10799926 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M de Sousa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara R Correia
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A F Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edward P Furlani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Marco P Soares Dos Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Faculty of Engineering, Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Gomes TEP, Cadete MS, Ferreira JAF, Febra R, Silva J, Noversa T, Pontes AJ, Neto V. Development of an Open-Source Injection Mold Monitoring System. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3569. [PMID: 37050629 PMCID: PMC10098985 DOI: 10.3390/s23073569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the highly competitive injection molding industry, the ability to effectively collect information from various sensors installed in molds and machines is of the utmost relevance, enabling the development of data-based Industry 4.0 algorithms. In this work, an alternative to commercially available monitoring systems used in the industry was developed and tested in the scope of the TOOLING 4G project. The novelty of this system is its affordability, simplicity, real-time data acquisition and display in an intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI), while being open-source firmware and software-based. These characteristics, and their combinations have been present in previous works, but, to the authors' knowledge, not all of them simultaneously. The system used an Arduino microcontroller-based data acquisition module that can be connected to any computer via a USB port. Software was developed, including a GUI, prepared to receive data from both the Arduino module and a second module. In the current state of development, data corresponding to a maximum of six sensors can be visualized, at a rate of 10 Hz, and recorded for later usage. These capabilities were verified under real-world conditions for monitoring an injection mold with the objective of creating the basis of a platform to deploy predictive maintenance. Mold temperature, cavity pressure, 3-axis acceleration, and extraction force data showed the system can successfully monitor the mold and allowed the clear distinction between normal and abnormal operating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago E. P. Gomes
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.E.P.G.)
| | - Mylene S. Cadete
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.E.P.G.)
| | - Jorge A. F. Ferreira
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.E.P.G.)
| | - Renato Febra
- Geco—Gabinete Técnico e Controlo de Moldes em Fabricação Lda, 2405-032 Maceira, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- CeNTI—Centro de Nanotecnologia e Materiais Técnicos, Funcionais e Inteligentes, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Tiago Noversa
- IPC—Institute for Polymers and Composites, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Pontes
- IPC—Institute for Polymers and Composites, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Victor Neto
- TEMA—Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.E.P.G.)
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de Sousa BM, Correia CR, Ferreira JAF, Mano JF, Furlani EP, Soares Dos Santos MP, Vieira SI. Capacitive interdigitated system of high osteoinductive/conductive performance for personalized acting-sensing implants. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:80. [PMID: 34815414 PMCID: PMC8611088 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement orthopedic surgeries are among the most common surgeries worldwide, but clinically used passive implants cannot prevent failure rates and inherent revision arthroplasties. Optimized non-instrumented implants, resorting to preclinically tested bioactive coatings, improve initial osseointegration but lack long-term personalized actuation on the bone-implant interface. Novel bioelectronic devices comprising biophysical stimulators and sensing systems are thus emerging, aiming for long-term control of peri-implant bone growth through biointerface monitoring. These acting-sensing dual systems require high frequency (HF) operations able to stimulate osteoinduction/osteoconduction, including matrix maturation and mineralization. A sensing-compatible capacitive stimulator of thin interdigitated electrodes and delivering an electrical 60 kHz HF stimulation, 30 min/day, is here shown to promote osteoconduction in pre-osteoblasts and osteoinduction in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs). HF stimulation through this capacitive interdigitated system had significant effects on osteoblasts' collagen-I synthesis, matrix, and mineral deposition. A proteomic analysis of microvesicles released from electrically-stimulated osteoblasts revealed regulation of osteodifferentiation and mineralization-related proteins (e.g. Tgfb3, Ttyh3, Itih1, Aldh1a1). Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD028551. Further, under HF stimulation, hASCs exhibited higher osteogenic commitment and enhanced hydroxyapatite deposition. These promising osteoinductive/conductive capacitive stimulators will integrate novel bioelectronic implants able to monitor the bone-implant interface and deliver personalized stimulation to peri-implant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M de Sousa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Clara R Correia
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A F Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edward P Furlani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Marco P Soares Dos Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Faculty of Engineering, Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cachão JH, Soares dos Santos MP, Bernardo R, Ramos A, Bader R, Ferreira JAF, Torres Marques A, Simões JAO. Altering the Course of Technologies to Monitor Loosening States of Endoprosthetic Implants. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 20:s20010104. [PMID: 31878028 PMCID: PMC6982938 DOI: 10.3390/s20010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders are becoming an ever-growing societal burden and, as a result, millions of bone replacements surgeries are performed per year worldwide. Despite total joint replacements being recognized among the most successful surgeries of the last century, implant failure rates exceeding 10% are still reported. These numbers highlight the necessity of technologies to provide an accurate monitoring of the bone–implant interface state. This study provides a detailed review of the most relevant methodologies and technologies already proposed to monitor the loosening states of endoprosthetic implants, as well as their performance and experimental validation. A total of forty-two papers describing both intracorporeal and extracorporeal technologies for cemented or cementless fixation were thoroughly analyzed. Thirty-eight technologies were identified, which are categorized into five methodologies: vibrometric, acoustic, bioelectric impedance, magnetic induction, and strain. Research efforts were mainly focused on vibrometric and acoustic technologies. Differently, approaches based on bioelectric impedance, magnetic induction and strain have been less explored. Although most technologies are noninvasive and are able to monitor different loosening stages of endoprosthetic implants, they are not able to provide effective monitoring during daily living of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Henrique Cachão
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco P. Soares dos Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), 4150-179 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rodrigo Bernardo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Ramos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jorge A. F. Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Torres Marques
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), 4150-179 Porto, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A. O. Simões
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Soares Dos Santos MP, Coutinho J, Marote A, Sousa B, Ramos A, Ferreira JAF, Bernardo R, Rodrigues A, Marques AT, Cruz E Silva OABD, Furlani EP, Simões JAO, Vieira SI. Capacitive technologies for highly controlled and personalized electrical stimulation by implantable biomedical systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5001. [PMID: 30899061 PMCID: PMC6428833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosurface electrode architectures are able to deliver personalized electric stimuli to target tissues. As such, this technology holds potential for a variety of innovative biomedical devices. However, to date, no detailed analyses have been conducted to evaluate the impact of stimulator architecture and geometry on stimuli features. This work characterizes, for the first time, the electric stimuli delivered to bone cellular tissues during in vitro experiments, when using three capacitive architectures: stripped, interdigitated and circular patterns. Computational models are presented that predict the influence of cell confluence, cosurface architecture, electrodes geometry, gap size between electrodes and power excitation on the stimuli delivered to cellular layers. The results demonstrate that these stimulators are able to deliver osteoconductive stimuli. Significant differences in stimuli distributions were observed for different stimulator designs and different external excitations. The thickness specification was found to be of utmost importance. In vitro experiments using an osteoblastic cell line highlight that cosurface stimulation at a low frequency can enhance osteoconductive responses, with some electrode-specific differences being found. A major feature of this type of work is that it enables future detailed analyses of stimuli distribution throughout more complex biological structures, such as tissues and organs, towards sophisticated biodevice personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Soares Dos Santos
- Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), Porto, Portugal.
| | - J Coutinho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Sousa
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Ramos
- Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A F Ferreira
- Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Bernardo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André Rodrigues
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Torres Marques
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), Porto, Portugal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edward P Furlani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - José A O Simões
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Soares Dos Santos MP, Ferreira JAF, Simões JAO, Pascoal R, Torrão J, Xue X, Furlani EP. Magnetic levitation-based electromagnetic energy harvesting: a semi-analytical non-linear model for energy transduction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18579. [PMID: 26725842 PMCID: PMC4698582 DOI: 10.1038/srep18579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic levitation has been used to implement low-cost and maintenance-free electromagnetic energy harvesting. The ability of levitation-based harvesting systems to operate autonomously for long periods of time makes them well-suited for self-powering a broad range of technologies. In this paper, a combined theoretical and experimental study is presented of a harvester configuration that utilizes the motion of a levitated hard-magnetic element to generate electrical power. A semi-analytical, non-linear model is introduced that enables accurate and efficient analysis of energy transduction. The model predicts the transient and steady-state response of the harvester a function of its motion (amplitude and frequency) and load impedance. Very good agreement is obtained between simulation and experiment with energy errors lower than 14.15% (mean absolute percentage error of 6.02%) and cross-correlations higher than 86%. The model provides unique insight into fundamental mechanisms of energy transduction and enables the geometric optimization of harvesters prior to fabrication and the rational design of intelligent energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Soares Dos Santos
- Centre for Mechanical Technology &Automation, TEMA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge A F Ferreira
- Centre for Mechanical Technology &Automation, TEMA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A O Simões
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pascoal
- Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro, IEETA, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Torrão
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xiaozheng Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, US
| | - Edward P Furlani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, US.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, US
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Abstract
This article focuses on in vivo implementations of instrumented knee implants and recent prototypes with highly innovative potential. An in-depth analysis of the evolution of these systems was conducted, including three architectures developed by two research teams for in vivo operation that were implanted in 13 patients. The specifications of their various subsystems: sensor/transducers, power management, communication and processing/control units are presented, and their features are compared. These systems were designed to measure biomechanical quantities to further assist in rehabilitation and physical therapy, to access proper implant placement and joint function and to help predicting aseptic loosening. Five prototype systems that aim to improve their operation, as well as include new abilities, are also featured. They include technology to assist proper ligament tensioning and ensure self-powering. One can conclude that the concept of instrumented active knee implant seems the most promising trend for improving the outcomes of knee replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- João N D Torrão
- a 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Soares dos Santos MP, Ferreira JAF, Ramos A, Simões JAO, Morais R, Silva NM, Santos PM, Reis MC, Oliveira T. Instrumented hip joint replacements, femoral replacements and femoral fracture stabilizers. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 11:617-35. [PMID: 25234709 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2014.946695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews instrumented hip joint replacements, instrumented femoral replacements and instrumented femoral fracture stabilizers. Examination of the evolution of such implants was carried out, including the detailed analysis of 16 architectures, designed by 8 research teams and implanted in 32 patients. Their power supply, measurement, communication, processing and actuation systems were reviewed, as were the tests carried out to evaluate their performance and safety. These instrumented implants were only designed to measure biomechanical and thermodynamic quantities in vivo, in order to use such data to conduct research projects and optimize rehabilitation processes. The most promising trend is to minimize aseptic loosening and/or infection following hip or femoral replacements or femoral stabilization procedures by using therapeutic actuators inside instrumented implants to apply controlled stimuli in the bone-implant interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Soares dos Santos
- Biomechanics Research Group, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Soares dos Santos MP, Ferreira JAF. Novel intelligent real-time position tracking system using FPGA and fuzzy logic. ISA Trans 2014; 53:402-414. [PMID: 24112645 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to test if FPGAs are able to achieve better position tracking performance than software-based soft real-time platforms. For comparison purposes, the same controller design was implemented in these architectures. A Multi-state Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) was implemented both in a Xilinx(®) Virtex-II FPGA (XC2v1000) and in a soft real-time platform NI CompactRIO(®)-9002. The same sampling time was used. The comparative tests were conducted using a servo-pneumatic actuation system. Steady-state errors lower than 4 μm were reached for an arbitrary vertical positioning of a 6.2 kg mass when the controller was embedded into the FPGA platform. Performance gains up to 16 times in the steady-state error, up to 27 times in the overshoot and up to 19.5 times in the settling time were achieved by using the FPGA-based controller over the software-based FLC controller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Soares dos Santos
- Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campo Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J A F Ferreira
- Centre for Mechanical Technology & Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campo Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Boeri CN, Neto da Silva FJ, Ferreira JAF, Saraiva JMA, Moreira RS. Equilibrium Moisture Content Isotherms of Codfish (Gadus morhua). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2012.672545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Soares dos Santos MP, Ferreira JAF, Ramos A, Simões JAO, Morais R, Silva NM, Santos PM, Reis MJCS, Oliveira T. Instrumented hip implants: electric supply systems. J Biomech 2013; 46:2561-71. [PMID: 24050511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Instrumented hip implants were proposed as a method to monitor and predict the biomechanical and thermal environment surrounding such implants. Nowadays, they are being developed as active implants with the ability to prevent failures by loosening. The generation of electric energy to power active mechanisms of instrumented hip implants remains a question. Instrumented implants cannot be implemented without effective electric power systems. This paper surveys the power supply systems of seventeen implant architectures already implanted in-vivo, namely from instrumented hip joint replacements and instrumented fracture stabilizers. Only inductive power links and batteries were used in-vivo to power the implants. The energy harvesting systems, which were already designed to power instrumented hip implants, were also analyzed focusing their potential to overcome the disadvantages of both inductive-based and battery-based power supply systems. From comparative and critical analyses of the methods to power instrumented implants, one can conclude that: inductive powering and batteries constrain the full operation of instrumented implants; motion-driven electromagnetic energy harvesting is a promising method to power instrumented passive and active hip implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco P Soares dos Santos
- TEMA/UA-Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; DEM/UA-Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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