1
|
Cadena-Iñiguez J, Santiago-Osorio E, Sánchez-Flores N, Salazar-Aguilar S, Soto-Hernández RM, Riviello-Flores MDLL, Macías-Zaragoza VM, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I. The Cancer-Protective Potential of Protocatechuic Acid: A Narrative Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1439. [PMID: 38611719 PMCID: PMC11012759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making the search for alternatives for its control a critical issue. In this context, exploring alternatives from natural sources, such as certain vegetables containing a variety of secondary metabolites with beneficial effects on the body and that play a crucial role in the fight against cancer, is essential. Among the compounds with the greatest efficacy in controlling this disease, those with antioxidant activity, particularly phenolic com-pounds, stand out. A remarkable example of this group is protocatechuic acid (PCA), which has been the subject of various revealing research on its activities in different areas. These studies sustain that protocatechuic acid has anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antiviral, antifibrogenic, antiallergic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, anticancer, antiosteoporotic, anti-aging, and analgesic properties, in addition to offering protection against metabolic syndrome and con-tributing to the preservation of hepatic, renal, and reproductive functionality. Therefore, this paper aims to review the biological activities of PCA, focusing on its anticancer potential and its in-volvement in the control of various molecular pathways involved in tumor development, sup-porting its option as a promising alternative for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78622, Mexico;
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (E.S.-O.); (N.S.-F.)
| | - Nancy Sánchez-Flores
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (E.S.-O.); (N.S.-F.)
| | - Sandra Salazar-Aguilar
- Specialized Equipment Laboratory, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; (R.M.S.-H.); (M.d.l.L.R.-F.)
| | - María de la Luz Riviello-Flores
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; (R.M.S.-H.); (M.d.l.L.R.-F.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Macías-Zaragoza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao 66, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (E.S.-O.); (N.S.-F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao 66, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivera-Martínez AR, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Soto-Cruz I, Monroy-García A, Gómez-García G, Ledesma-Martínez E, Weiss-Steider B, Santiago-Osorio E. Fruit Extract of Sechium chinantlense (Lira & F. Chiang) Induces Apoptosis in the Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cell Line. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030667. [PMID: 36771372 PMCID: PMC9920575 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) is a commercial species of chayote and is just one of several species in the genus Sechium, whose extracts inhibit proliferation in tumor cell lines. The capacity of the wild species Sechium chinantlense (SCH) as an antitumor agent is unknown, as is the mechanism of action. In the present study, HeLa cervical cancer and HaCaT normal cell lines were treated with SCH and cell proliferation was inhibited in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner similar to the effect of the antineoplastic agent cisplatin (Cis). Additionally, SCH arrested cell cycle progression but only in HeLa cells and induced apoptosis, as shown by phosphatidylserine translocation and caspase-3 activation, while Cis did so in both cell lines. Exploration of the mechanism of action of SCH in HeLa cells suggests that apoptosis was mediated by the intrinsic signaling pathway since there was no activation of caspase-8, but there was a release of cytochrome-c. These findings suggest that the SCH extract has the potential to selectively kill tumor cells by promoting apoptosis, without harming nontumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocío Rivera-Martínez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 56410, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Innovation in Natural Resource Management, Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí CP 78622, Mexico
| | - Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
| | - Alberto Monroy-García
- Immunology and Cancer Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center (IMSS), Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gómez-García
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ledesma-Martínez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
| | - Benny Weiss-Steider
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, Faculty of High Studies Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City CP 09230, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramírez-Rodas YC, Arévalo-Galarza MDL, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Soto-Hernández RM, Peña-Valdivia CB, Guerrero-Analco JA. Chayote Fruit ( Sechium edule var. virens levis) Development and the Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:108. [PMID: 36616239 PMCID: PMC9823722 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The chayote fruit is a nontraditional vegetable belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. The fruit has an endocarpic recalcitrant seed that emerges postharvest, drastically shortening its shelf life. In this study, the changes during fruit and seed development before and after harvest (ah) are reported. Additionally, in order to investigate how growth regulators (GRs) affect seed germination, 2-cloroethylphosphonic acid (CPA) (200 µL L-1), gibberellic acid (GA3) (100 and 200 mg L-1), auxin (2,4-D) (0.5 and 1.0 mM), and abscisic acid (ABA) (0.5 and 1.0 mM) were applied after harvest. The results showed that the chayote fruit reached horticultural maturity at 21 days after anthesis, with a sigmoid trend: phase I featured slow growth and high transpiration; in phase II, growth was accelerated and accumulation of endosperm was observed; and in phase III, both growth rate and transpiration were reduced, soluble sugars increased, and the seed showed 25% cotyledon development. At day 13 ah, CPA, GA3, and 2,4-D (0.5 mM) increased seed germination, with values between 10 and 15 mm of the embryonary axis, and the treatments with 2,4-D (1 mM) and ABA (0.5 and 1.0 mM) retarded their growth (2-6 mm). This research allowed us to reveal the phenological phases and the shelf life of the chayote fruit, as well as the results of possible postharvest treatment with GRs; our results suggest that strategies to delay viviparism and prolong the shelf life of the fruit should be applied before 10 days ah, when the embryonic axis of the seed has not developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeimy C. Ramírez-Rodas
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo 56230, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, San Iturbide No. 73, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78600, Mexico
| | - Ramón M. Soto-Hernández
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo 56230, Mexico
| | - Cecilia B. Peña-Valdivia
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo 56230, Mexico
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Biomimic, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cadena-Iñiguez J, Avendaño-Arrazate CH, Arévalo-Galarza MDL, Cisneros-Solano VM, Ruiz-Posadas LDM, Aguirre-Medina JF, Watanabe K, Machida-Hirano R, Barrera-Guzmán LA. Varietal Descriptors for the Distinction of Underutilized Varieties of Sechium edule (Jacq) Swartz. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3309. [PMID: 36501349 PMCID: PMC9737619 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae) is a species native to Mexico and Central America. The collection, characterization, and evaluation of accessions maintained in genebanks is essential for the conservation of this species. However, there are no specific varietal descriptors that differ from those used in a phenetic approach and are adapted to international registration guidelines to help distinguish, improve, cluster, and protect intraspecific variants of common use and those obtained by breeding. Therefore, 65 morphological descriptors (qualitative and quantitative) were evaluated in 133 accessions obtained from Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica located in the National Germplasm Bank of S. edule in Mexico. These characteristics were observed to be phenetically stable for five generations under the same agroclimatic conditions. In addition, an analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was applied to 133 samples from a set of 245 accessions. According to the multivariate analysis, 26 of the 65 descriptors evaluated (qualitative and quantitative) enabled differentiation of varieties of S. edule. The AFLP analysis showed a high level of polymorphism and genetic distance between cultivated accessions and their corresponding wild ancestor. The variations in S. edule suggest that the morphological characteristics have differentiated from an essentially derived initial edible variety (ancestral original variety), but unlike other cucurbits, there is no evidence of the ancestral edible for Sechium since the seed is unorthodox and there are no relicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi 78620, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
| | - Carlos Hugo Avendaño-Arrazate
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04010, Mexico
| | - Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Cisneros-Solano
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Centro Regional Universitario Oriente, Veracruz 94100, Mexico
| | - Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Aguirre-Medina
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sechium edule in Mexico, Texcoco 56160, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Huehuetán, Chiapas 30660, Mexico
| | - Kazuo Watanabe
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Machida-Hirano
- Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montecinos-Pedro LA, Ayala-Escobar V, Arévalo-Galarza MDL, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Leyva-Madrigal KY, Mora-Romero GA, Tovar-Pedraza JM. First Report of Fusarium citri Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Chayote in Mexico. Plant Dis 2022; 107:2226. [PMID: 36401851 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1554-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In November 2018, symptoms of brown rot were observed on chayote (Sechium edule) var. nigrum spinosum with a 20% disease incidence of 120 harvested fruits in the National Germplasm Bank of Sechium edule, located in the Centro Regional Universitario Oriente (CRUO) from the Chapingo Autonomous University (Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico). For fungal isolation, pieces from symptomatic fruits were surface disinfected by immersion in a 1.5% NaClO solution for 2 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water, placed in Petri plates containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with kanamycin sulfate, and incubated at 25ºC. Fusarium-like colonies were consistently isolated on PDA and five monoconidial isolates were obtained. A representative isolate was selected for morphological characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity tests. On PDA, colonies exhibited white and fluffy aerial mycelia, with diffused pale brown pigment in the center at 7 days of incubation at 25℃ in darkness. Macroconidia (n= 100) were hyaline, falcate, with 4 to 5 septa, measuring 23.9 to 31.9 × 2.9 to 4.2 μm, and foot-shaped basal cells. Microconidia and chlamydospores were absent. Morphological features were consistent with the description of the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (Xia et al. 2019). The isolate was deposited as FUS2 in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at the Colegio de Postgraduados. For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), and the second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) genes were amplified, and sequenced with the primer sets ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), and RBP2-5F/RPB2-7R (Liu et al. 1999), respectively. DNA sequences were edited in BioEdit 7.2 and compared with those in the NCBI nucleotide database. Alignments were implemented in MEGA X using reference sequences from Fusarium spp. A phylogenetic tree, including published ITS, EF1-α, and rpb2 sequence data, was constructed for the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) based on Maximum Likelihood. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. ON878083, ON890421, and ON890420). The phylogenetic analysis grouped the isolate FUS2 within the F. citri clade. Pathogenicity of the fungus was verified on 10 healthy chayote fruits var. nigrum spinosum previously disinfested by immersion in a 1% NaClO solution for 3 min and washed in sterile water. A total of 5 mL of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) was sprayed on each whole fruit. Ten control fruit were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The fruits were kept in a moist plastic chamber at 25°C and 12 h light/dark for 30 days. All inoculated fruits developed water-soaked brown lesions (3 to 5 cm in diameter) covered with white mycelium at 15 days after inoculation, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control fruits. The fungus was consistently re-isolated only from the diseased fruits and found to be morphologically identical to the isolate used for inoculation, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. Fusarium citri has been associated with Capsicum sp. and mandarin orange in China, Triticum sp. in Iran, alfalfa in Denmark, and lettuce in the Czech Republic and Italy (Farr and Rossman 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. citri causing postharvest fruit rot of chayote in Mexico and worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus San Luis Potosi, 211701, Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Karla Yeriana Leyva-Madrigal
- Universidad Autonoma de Occidente, 27810, Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe Arlene Mora-Romero
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 27971, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Culiacán, Carretera El Dorado Km 5.5, Campo el Diez, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80110;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delgado-Tiburcio EE, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Santiago-Osorio E, Ruiz-Posadas LDM, Castillo-Juárez I, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Soto-Hernández M. Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activity of Cucurbitacins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1325. [PMID: 36355498 PMCID: PMC9696414 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucurbitacins are a class of secondary metabolites initially isolated from the Cucurbitaceae family. They are important for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer biological actions. This review addresses pharmacokinetic parameters recently reported, including absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination phases of cucurbitacins. It includes recent studies of the molecular mechanisms of the biological activity of the most studied cucurbitacins and some derivatives, especially their anticancer capacity, to propose the integration of the pharmacokinetic profiles of cucurbitacins and the possibilities of their use. The main botanical genera and species of American origin that have been studied, and others whose chemo taxonomy makes them essential sources for the extraction of these metabolites, are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Innovation in Natural Resource Management, Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78622, Mexico
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas
- Botany Department, Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Israel Castillo-Juárez
- Botany Department, Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Botany Department, Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arista-Ugalde TL, Santiago-Osorio E, Monroy-García A, Rosado-Pérez J, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Gavia-García G, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Consumption of Powdered Concentrate of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum in Mexican Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061076. [PMID: 35739973 PMCID: PMC9220335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a high prevalence in older adults and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and complications of old age. It has also been related to oxidative stress (OxS) and chronic inflammation (CI) and their consequent alterations. Therefore, it is important to propose therapeutic alternatives such as the consumption of Sechium edule (Chayote), since hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and lipogenesis inhibitor properties are attributed to it. We carried out a study in 81 older adults (OA) with MetS to determine the effect of consumption of chayote powder concentrate (500 mg, three times a day) for six months, with a baseline measurement, at three and six months in an experimental group (EG) (n = 41) and a placebo group (PG) (n = 40), all with a diagnosis of MetS according to the criteria of National Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Program III (NCEP/ATP III). Anthropometric, biochemical, OxS markers, and inflammation measurements were performed on all participants, basal, three, and six months after. A statistically significant decrease was found in the concentration of lipoperoxides (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes, 8-OHdG, oxidative stress score (OSS), HbA1c, blood pressure, and in the number of MetS diagnostic criteria, as well as an increase in total antioxidant status (TAS), antioxidant gap (GAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and HDL-cholesterol in EG. The results suggest that the consumption of Sechium edule powder has a hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect in OA with MetS and reduced the percentage of patients with MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taide Laurita Arista-Ugalde
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Monroy-García
- Immunology and Cancer Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Oncological Diseases, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide No. 73 Street, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78600, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5623-0721; Fax: +52-55-5773-6330
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cadena-Iñiguez J, Olguín-Hernández G, Camacho-Tapia M, Correia KC, Solano-Báez AR, Leyva-Mir SG, Tovar-Pedraza JM. First Report of Neoerysiphe sechii Causing Powdery Mildew on Sechium edule in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Plant Dis 2022; 106:1069. [PMID: 34472968 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1432-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Cadena-Iñiguez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Salinas de Hidalgo, 78622, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - G Olguín-Hernández
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Sechium edule en México (GISeM), Texcoco, 56153, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M Camacho-Tapia
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal, Texcoco, 56230, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - K C Correia
- Universidade Federal do Cariri, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Crato, 63.133-610 Ceará, Brazil
| | - A R Solano-Báez
- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Los Mochis, 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - S G Leyva-Mir
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Texcoco, 56230, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Juan M Tovar-Pedraza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Regional Culiacán, Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Culiacán, 80110, Sinaloa, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iñiguez-Luna MI, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Soto-Hernández RM, Morales-Flores FJ, Cortes-Cruz M, Watanabe KN. Natural Bioactive Compounds of Sechium spp. for Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Supplements. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:772389. [PMID: 35756862 PMCID: PMC9231563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are in great demand because certain secondary metabolites (SMs) are sources of antioxidants, flavorings, active substances, or anticancer agents with less aggressiveness and selectivity, among which triterpenes and flavonoids are of importance because they inhibit carcinogenesis. For Sechium spp. P. Br. (chayotes), there is scientific evidence of antiproliferative activity that has occurred when cancer cell lines have been treated with this fruit. In order to compare future therapeutic designs and identify new and ancestral characteristics, triterpenes and flavonoids were determined in contrasting Sechium genotypes. The obtained data were analyzed via a cladistics approach, with the aim of identifying the characteristics and state of phytochemicals and genetic variables. The concentrations of flavonoids and triterpenes were determined, and a more complex composition of secondary metabolites was found in the wild types as compared to their domesticated genotypes. Bitter fruits contained a higher number of SMs, followed by those with a neutral and sweet flavor. A cladogram showed the differentiation of the three groups based on the flavor of the fruits. The diversity of SMs decreases in evolutionary terms, in response to domestication and environmental adaptation. Therefore, genotypes can be feasibly selected based on fruit flavor for gross-breeding, and cytotoxicity can be reduced without losing possible therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Iñiguez-Luna
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Morales-Flores
- Postgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Moisés Cortes-Cruz
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Tepatitlán, Mexico
| | - Kazuo N. Watanabe
- Interdisciplinary Research Group at Sechium edule in Mexico, A.C., Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramírez-Rodas Y, Arévalo-Galarza L, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Delgado-Alvarado A, Ruiz-Posadas L, Soto-Hernández M. Postharvest storage of three chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) varieties. Sci agropecu 2021. [DOI: 10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumer demand for chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) fruits has increased in recent years, virens levis being the most important variety, although other chayote varieties are gaining importance such as nigrum xalapensis and n. spinosum. However, the postharvest behavior of these varieties is different, so it is important to evaluate the factors that limit the shelf life of each variety. Therefore, in this study, fruits of each variety from the Mexican National Germplasm Bank of Sechium edule were used. The following fruit quality variables were evaluated: weight loss, humidity (%), color, chlorophyll, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars, and stomatal characteristics. In addition, the storage potential of each variety was evaluated for two weeks at different temperatures, 7°, 13° (85% RH) and 24 °C (60% RH), with the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The variables evaluated were viviparism, disease severity, weight loss, dehydration and chilling injury (CI). The fruits of n. xalapensis and n. spinosum have a higher content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but similar contents of TSS, acidity and total sugars than v. levis fruits. The use of 1-MCP reduced viviparism in all varieties, and the severity of blisters was higher in v. levis. The fruits of the three varieties presented severe CI when stored at 7 °C but the most susceptible to dehydration and diseases severity is n. spinosum.
Collapse
|
11
|
Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Soto-Hernández M, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Suwalsky M, Colina JR, Castillo I, Rosado-Pérez J, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Santiago-Osorio E. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity of the Extracts of Fruits of the Sechium Hybrid. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204637. [PMID: 33053734 PMCID: PMC7587193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their own antioxidants, human cells feed on external antioxidants, such as the phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables, which work together to keep oxidative stress in check. Sechium edule, an edible species of chayote, has phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and antineoplastic activity. A Sechium hybrid shows one thousand times greater antineoplastic activity than edible species, but its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the content of phenolic compounds are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the extract of fruits of the Sechium hybrid in vitro and in vivo. Phytochemical analysis using HPLC showed that the extract of the Sechium hybrid has at least 16 phenolic compounds; galangin, naringenin, phloretin and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant. In an in vitro assay, this extract inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-L-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and protected the dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) phospholipid model cell membrane from oxidation mediated by hypochlorous acid (HClO). In vivo, it was identified that the most abundant metabolites in the extract enter the bloodstream of the treated mice. On the other hand, the extract reduces the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) but increases interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glutathione peroxidase levels. Our findings indicate that intake of the fruits of the Sechium hybrid leads to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model. Therefore, these results support the possibility of exploring the clinical effect of this hybrid in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico;
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, 56153 Texcoco, Mexico; (M.S.-H.); (J.C.-I.)
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, 56153 Texcoco, Mexico; (M.S.-H.); (J.C.-I.)
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Mexico-Texcoco Highway, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, 56153 Texcoco, Mexico; (M.S.-H.); (J.C.-I.)
- Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide No. 73 Street, Salinas de Hidalgo, 78600 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mario Suwalsky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4090541 Concepción, Chile;
| | - José R. Colina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile;
| | - Ivan Castillo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Víctor M. Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (V.M.M.-N.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico;
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, 56153 Texcoco, Mexico; (M.S.-H.); (J.C.-I.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.M.-N.); (E.S.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aguirre-Cadena JF, Ramírez Valverde B, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Juárez-Sánchez JP, Caso-Barrera L, Martínez-Carrera D. Biomasa y carbono en Guadua angustifolia Kunth y Bambusa oldhamii Munro en dos comunidades de la sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México. REV BIOL TROP 2018. [DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere can be reduced by capturing them through the photosynthetic process, with special emphasis on fast growing perennial species such as bamboo. The objective of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate the aerial biomass and estimate the carbon content for the species Guadua angustifolia Kunth and Bambusa oldhamii Munro, in commercial plantations established in communities of the Northeast Sierra of Puebla, Mexico. The estimation of population and aerial biomass for both species is tended by a selection of 10 % of plants in one hectare. The samplings were carried out from June 2016 to September 2017. For the plantation of B. Oldhamii Munro, the number of culms per plant gradually increased towards the most recent generations, from 3.6 stems in the most adult cohort to 4.5 in the youngest. The diameter of the stems and their average height show a gradual increase from the older cohorts to the recent cohorts. The total aerial biomass estimated in the plantation of B. oldhamii Munro was 103 403 48 Mgha-1 distributed in the asses of the four years. The total aerial biomass estimated in the plantation of G. angustifolia Kunth is 47 665 11 Mgha-1
Collapse
|
13
|
Salazar-Aguilar S, Ruiz-Posadas LDM, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Soto-Hernández M, Santiago-Osorio E, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Rivera-Martínez AR, Aguirre-Medina JF. Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz, a New Cultivar with Antiproliferative Potential in a Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cell Line. Nutrients 2017; 9:E798. [PMID: 28757593 PMCID: PMC5579592 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sechium edule Perla Negra cultivar is a recently-obtained biological material whose progenitors are S. edule var. nigrum minor and S. edule var. amarus silvestrys, the latter of which has been reported to have antiproliferative activity against the HeLa P-388 and L-929 cancer cell lines. The present study aimed to determine if the methanolic extract of the fruit of the Perla Negra cultivar had the same biological activity. The methanolic extract was phytochemically characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC), identifying the terpenes and flavonoids. The compounds identified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were Cucurbitacins B, D, E, and I for the terpene fractions, and Rutin, Phlorizidin, Myricetin, Quercetin, Naringenin, Phloretin, Apigenin, and Galangin for the flavonoid fractions). Biological activity was evaluated with different concentrations of the methanolic extract in the HeLa cell line and normal lymphocytes. The methanolic extract inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells (IC50 1.85 µg·mL-1), but the lymphocytes were affected by the extract (IC50 30.04 µg·mL-1). Some fractions, and the pool of all of them, showed inhibition higher than 80% at a concentration of 2.11 µg·mL-1. Therefore, the biological effect shown by the methanolic extract of the Perla Negra has some specificity in inhibiting tumor cells and not normal cells; an unusual feature among molecules investigated as potential biomedical agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salazar-Aguilar
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Mexico-Texcoco Highway, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Mexico.
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Lucero Del Mar Ruiz-Posadas
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Mexico-Texcoco Highway, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Mexico.
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
- Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide No. 73 Street, Salinas de Hidalgo, C.P. 78600 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Postgraduate College, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Mexico-Texcoco Highway, C.P. 56230 Texcoco, Mexico.
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
- FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
- FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ana Rocío Rivera-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
- FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente, C.P. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Francisco Aguirre-Medina
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Sechium edule in Mexico (GISeM), Texcoco, Agustín Melgar 10 Street, C.P. 56153 Texcoco, Mexico.
- School of Higher Education of Agricultural Science, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Junction Costera Higway and Pueblo de Huehuetán, Huehuetán, C.P. 30660 Chiapas, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Soto-Hernández M, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Ruíz-Posadas LDM, Cadena-Zamudio JD, González-Ugarte AK, Steider BW, Santiago-Osorio E. Fruit extract from a Sechium edule hybrid induce apoptosis in leukaemic cell lines but not in normal cells. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:250-7. [PMID: 25611564 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.989370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferative potential of a crude extract from the chayote hybrid H-837-07-GISeM® and its potential for apoptosis induction were assessed in leukaemic cell lines and normal mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs). The extract strongly inhibited the proliferation of the P388, J774, and WEHI-3 cell lines (with an IC50 below 1.3 μg·mL(-1)), reduced cell viability, and induced apoptotic body production, phosphatidylserine translocation, and DNA fragmentation. However, the extract had no effect on BM-MNCs. We postulate that these properties make the extract a good candidate for an anti-tumour agent for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- a Postgraduate College , Texcoco , Mexico ; Mexican Interdisciplinary Research Group on Sechium , Texcoco , Mexico Estate , Mexico ; and School of Higher Education of Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|