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Yu C, Ahmed Z, Frisch JC, Henderson SW, Silva-Feaver M, Arnold K, Brown D, Connors J, Cukierman AJ, D'Ewart JM, Dober BJ, Dusatko JE, Haller G, Herbst R, Hilton GC, Hubmayr J, Irwin KD, Kuo CL, Mates JAB, Ruckman L, Ullom J, Vale L, Van Winkle DD, Vasquez J, Young E. SLAC microresonator RF (SMuRF) electronics: A tone-tracking readout system for superconducting microwave resonator arrays. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:014712. [PMID: 36725567 DOI: 10.1063/5.0125084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the newest generation of the SLAC Microresonator RF (SMuRF) electronics, a warm digital control and readout system for microwave-frequency resonator-based cryogenic detector and multiplexer systems, such as microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers (μmux) or microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Ultra-sensitive measurements in particle physics and astronomy increasingly rely on large arrays of cryogenic sensors, which in turn necessitate highly multiplexed readout and accompanying room-temperature electronics. Microwave-frequency resonators are a popular tool for cryogenic multiplexing, with the potential to multiplex thousands of detector channels on one readout line. The SMuRF system provides the capability for reading out up to 3328 channels across a 4-8 GHz bandwidth. Notably, the SMuRF system is unique in its implementation of a closed-loop tone-tracking algorithm that minimizes RF power transmitted to the cold amplifier, substantially relaxing system linearity requirements and effective noise from intermodulation products. Here, we present a description of the hardware, firmware, and software systems of the SMuRF electronics, comparing achieved performance with science-driven design requirements. In particular, we focus on the case of large-channel-count, low-bandwidth applications, but the system has been easily reconfigured for high-bandwidth applications. The system described here has been successfully deployed in lab settings and field sites around the world and is baselined for use on upcoming large-scale observatories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyndia Yu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Josef C Frisch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Shawn W Henderson
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Max Silva-Feaver
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kam Arnold
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David Brown
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jake Connors
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ari J Cukierman
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Mitch D'Ewart
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Bradley J Dober
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - John E Dusatko
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gunther Haller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ryan Herbst
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Johannes Hubmayr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - John A B Mates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Larry Ruckman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Joel Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Leila Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | | | - Jesus Vasquez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Edward Young
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Weathersby SP, Brown G, Centurion M, Chase TF, Coffee R, Corbett J, Eichner JP, Frisch JC, Fry AR, Gühr M, Hartmann N, Hast C, Hettel R, Jobe RK, Jongewaard EN, Lewandowski JR, Li RK, Lindenberg AM, Makasyuk I, May JE, McCormick D, Nguyen MN, Reid AH, Shen X, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Vecchione T, Vetter SL, Wu J, Yang J, Dürr HA, Wang XJ. Mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:073702. [PMID: 26233391 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast electron probes are powerful tools, complementary to x-ray free-electron lasers, used to study structural dynamics in material, chemical, and biological sciences. High brightness, relativistic electron beams with femtosecond pulse duration can resolve details of the dynamic processes on atomic time and length scales. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory recently launched the Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and microscopy Initiative aiming at developing the next generation ultrafast electron scattering instruments. As the first stage of the Initiative, a mega-electron-volt (MeV) UED system has been constructed and commissioned to serve ultrafast science experiments and instrumentation development. The system operates at 120-Hz repetition rate with outstanding performance. In this paper, we report on the SLAC MeV UED system and its performance, including the reciprocal space resolution, temporal resolution, and machine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Brown
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Centurion
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - T F Chase
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Corbett
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J P Eichner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J C Frisch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A R Fry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Gühr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - N Hartmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Hettel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R K Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E N Jongewaard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J R Lewandowski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R K Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A M Lindenberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - I Makasyuk
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J E May
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D McCormick
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M N Nguyen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - T Vecchione
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S L Vetter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Yang
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 N 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - H A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X J Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Li H, Chen LJ, Cheng HPH, May JE, Smith S, Muehlig K, Uttamadoss A, Frisch JC, Fry AR, Kärtner FX, Bucksbaum PH. Remote two-color optical-to-optical synchronization between two passively mode-locked lasers. Opt Lett 2014; 39:5325-5328. [PMID: 26466262 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using balanced detection in both the radio frequency (RF) and the optical domain, we remotely synchronize the repetition rate of a Ti:sapphire oscillator to an Er-doped fiber oscillator through a 360 m length-stabilized dispersion compensated fiber link. The drift between these two optical oscillators is 3.3 fs root mean square (rms) over 24 hours. The 68 MHz Er-doped fiber oscillator is locked to a 476 MHz local RF reference clock, and serves as a master clock to distribute 10 fs-level timing signals through stabilized fiber links. This steady remote two-color optical-to-optical synchronization is an important step toward an integrated femtosecond fiber timing distribution system for free-electron lasers (FELs); it does not require x-ray pulses, and it makes sub-10-fs optical/x-ray pump-probe experiments feasible.
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