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Abramovitch A, Herrera TA, Etherton JL. A neuropsychological study of misophonia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2024; 82:101897. [PMID: 37657963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Misophonia is a recently identified condition characterized by negative emotional responsivity to certain types of sounds. Although progress has been made in understanding of neuronal, psychophysiological, and psychopathological mechanisms, important gaps in research remain, particularly insight into cognitive function. Accordingly, we conducted the first neuropsychological examination of misophonia, including clinical, diagnostic, and functional correlates. METHODS A misophonia group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 64) were screened for comorbidities using a formal semi-structured interview and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and self-report measures of depression, anxiety, stress, impulsivity, and functional impairment. RESULTS The misophonia group significantly underperformed the control group on only 2 neuropsychological outcomes involving verbal memory retrieval. Subscales of the Misophonia Questionaaire (MQ) were inversely correlated only with measures of attention. The misophonia group reported significantly higher anxiety symptoms, behavioral impulsivity, and functional impairments, and had numerically higher rates of ADHD and OCD. LIMITATIONS To facilitate comparability, in lieu of a formal diagnostic algorithm for misophonia, we used a commonly used empirical definition for group allocation that has been utilized in numerous previous studies. CONCLUSIONS Misophonia was associated with a reduction in performance on a minority of cognitive tasks and a modest increase in some psychological symptoms and comorbid conditions. Correlational data suggest that difficulties with attention regulation and impulsivity may play a role in misophonia, albeit attention functions were intact. Results should be interpreted with caution given the variability in diagnostic definitions, and more research is needed to understand cognitive functioning under 'cold' conditions in misophonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya A Herrera
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Joseph L Etherton
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Etherton JL, Jones C, Farley R. Performance on the CVLT-2 during induced pain. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:1691-1704. [PMID: 34030587 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1924862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Chronic pain patients frequently report cognitive problems including learning and memory. However, recent research involving induced pain has demonstrated an absence of reliably detectable decrements on several standard cognitive measures, suggesting that factors other than pain likely explain perceived cognitive deficits in chronic pain patients. This study examined potential effects of induced pain on verbal learning and memory as measured by the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-2). Potential effects of self-reported pain intensity were also evaluated. Method: Participants (111 non-clinical undergraduate students in the Southwestern United States) completed one version (Standard or Alternate) of the CVLT-2 under normal conditions, and then were administered the other version (Alternate or Standard) either while experiencing cold pressor-induced pain (Pain condition) or non-painful warm water immersion (Control condition). Results: For the Pain condition decrements in performance across most CVLT-2 variables were observed, including a mean T-score decrease of 10.98 (SD = 10.99) for Trials 1-5, whereas the comparable decrease in the Control condition was an average of 1.5 words (SD = 8.27). Self-reported pain intensity was significantly correlated with the degree of Time 1 to Time 2 performance decrement for Short-Delay Free Recall (r = -.51, p < .050), but not for Trials 1-5 (r = -.37, p = .160). Conclusion: Induced pain produces detectable decrements in performance on a standard clinical measure of verbal learning and memory performance, suggesting that pain in clinical populations may contribute to learning and memory deficits apart from potential neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chas Jones
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX
| | - Rachel Farley
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX
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De Nadai AS, Etherton JL. Beyond Efficacy and Effectiveness: Clinical Efficiency Is Necessary for Dissemination. J Cogn Psychother 2021; 35:221-231. [PMID: 34362861 DOI: 10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all patients interact with critical gatekeepers-insurance companies or centralized healthcare systems. For mental health dissemination efforts to be successful, these gatekeepers must refer patients to evidence-based care. To make these referral decisions, they require evidence about the amount of resources expended to achieve therapeutic gains. Without this information, a bottleneck to widespread dissemination of evidence-based care will remain. To address this need for information, we introduce a new perspective, clinical efficiency. This approach directly ties resource usage to clinical outcomes. We highlight how cost-effectiveness approaches and other strategies can address clinical efficiency, and we also introduce a related new metric, the incremental time efficiency ratio (ITER). The ITER is particularly useful for quantifying the benefits of low-intensity and concentrated interventions, as well as stepped-care approaches. Given that stakeholders are increasingly requiring information on resource utilization, the ITER is a metric that can be estimated for past and future clinical trials. As a result, the ITER can allow researchers to better communicate desirable aspects of treatment, and an increased focus on clinical efficiency can improve our ability to deliver high-quality treatment to more patients in need.
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Abstract
Nearly all patients interact with critical gatekeepers-insurance companies or centralized healthcare systems. For mental health dissemination efforts to be successful, these gatekeepers must refer patients to evidence-based care. To make these referral decisions, they require evidence about the amount of resources expended to achieve therapeutic gains. Without this information, a bottleneck to widespread dissemination of evidence-based care will remain. To address this need for information, we introduce a new perspective, clinical efficiency. This approach directly ties resource usage to clinical outcomes. We highlight how cost-effectiveness approaches and other strategies can address clinical efficiency, and we also introduce a related new metric, the incremental time efficiency ratio (ITER). The ITER is particularly useful for quantifying the benefits of low-intensity and concentrated interventions, as well as stepped-care approaches. Given that stakeholders are increasingly requiring information on resource utilization, the ITER is a metric that can be estimated for past and future clinical trials. As a result, the ITER can allow researchers to better communicate desirable aspects of treatment, and an increased focus on clinical efficiency can improve our ability to deliver high-quality treatment to more patients in need.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of behavioral activation (BA) for depression has been firmly established, and training therapists in BA may be less time-intensive than for standard interventions. Because BA addresses problematic avoidance behaviors, BA holds promise as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a meta-analysis of both randomized controlled trials and uncontrolled studies involving the use of BA for the treatment of PTSD. Outcomes of interest were PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and grief. METHOD Meta-analyses included published studies in which BA served as the primary form of treatment for PTSD symptoms, whether PTSD was a primary or secondary outcome. Analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis software with a random-effects model. RESULTS Eight studies (3 controlled, 5 uncontrolled) with a total sample size of 564 participants met final inclusion criteria. The primary analysis for controlled studies indicated a significant improvement in PTSD symptoms for BA compared with the case for wait-list control (Hedges's g = 1.484) and for uncontrolled (Hedges's g = 0.717) studies. Secondary analyses indicated improvement in anxiety, grief, and depression (Hedges's g ranging from 0.28 to 2.29). No significant difference in effectiveness was observed for BA versus 2 active treatment comparison conditions (cognitive processing therapy and Internet-guided exposure). Effect sizes were not moderated by treatment modality (in-person vs. remote delivery) or by use of completer versus intention-to-treat data. CONCLUSIONS BA appears to be effective for PTSD symptoms, but additional randomized controlled trials are needed to increase confidence in these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Etherton JL, Oberle CD, Rhoton J, Ney A. Effects of Cogmed working memory training on cognitive performance. Psychological Research 2018; 83:1506-1518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Etherton JL, Osborne R, Stephenson K, Grace M, Jones C, De Nadai AS. Bayesian analysis of multimethod ego-depletion studies favours the null hypothesis. Br J Soc Psychol 2018; 57:367-385. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chas Jones
- Texas State University; San Marcos TX USA
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Abstract
Reliable Digit Span (RDS) is an indicator used to assess the validity of cognitive test performance. Scores of 7 or lower suggest poor effort or negative response bias. The possibility that RDS scores are also affected by pain has not been addressed thus potentially threatening RDS specificity. The current study used cold pressor-induced pain to investigate the effect of pain on RDS scores. Sixty undergraduate volunteers randomly assigned to one of three conditions (control, simulator, pain) completed the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III from which the RDS is derived. No differences in RDS scores were found between the control and pain groups, and neither group scored below 8. Sixty-five percent of the simulator group scored 7 or below. These results suggest that RDS is not affected by pain, and scores of 7 or less in persons with pain can be more confidently attributed to negative response bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Etherton
- Loyola University & Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
The reliable digit span (RDS) performance of chronic pain patients with unambiguous spinal injuries and no evidence of exaggeration or response bias (n = 53) was compared to that of chronic pain patients meeting criteria for definite malingered neurocognitive dysfunction (n = 35), and a group of nonmalingering moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients (n = 69). The results demonstrated that scores of 7 or lower were associated with high specificity (> .90) and sensitivity (up to .60) even when moderate to severe TBI are included. Multiple studies have demonstrated that RDS scores of 7 or lower rarely occur in TBI and pain patients who are not intentionally performing poorly on cognitive testing. This study supports the use of the RDS in detecting response bias in neuropsychological patients complaining of pain as well as in the assessment of pain-related cognitive impairment in patients whose primary complaint is pain.
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Etherton JL, Tapscott BE. Performance on selected visual and auditory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition during laboratory-induced pain. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:243-52. [PMID: 25655774 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.1002756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic pain patients commonly report problems with concentration and memory, recent research indicates that induced pain alone causes little or no impairment on several Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) subtests, suggesting that cognitive complaints in chronic pain may be attributable to factors other than pain. The current studies examined potential effects of induced pain on Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) visual working memory index (VWM) subtests (Experiment 1, n = 32) and on the immediate portions of WMS-IV auditory memory (IAM) subtests (Experiment 2, n = 55). In both studies, participants were administered one of two subtests (Symbol Span or Spatial Addition for Experiment 1; Logical Memory or Verbal Paired Associates for Experiment 2) normally and were then administered the alternate subtest while experiencing either cold pressor pain induction or a nonpainful control condition. Results indicate that induced pain in nonclinical volunteers did not impair performance on either VWM or IAM performance, suggesting that pain alone does not account for complaints or deficits in these domains in chronic pain patients. Nonpainful variables such as sleep deprivation or emotional disturbance may be responsible for reported cognitive complaints in chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Etherton
- a Psychology Department , Texas State University , San Marcos , TX , USA
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Bianchini KJ, Aguerrevere LE, Guise BJ, Ord JS, Etherton JL, Meyers JE, Soignier RD, Greve KW, Curtis KL, Bui J. Accuracy of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire and Pain Disability Index in the Detection of Malingered Pain-Related Disability in Chronic Pain. Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 28:1376-94. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.986199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis E. Aguerrevere
- Department of Psychology, Stephen F. Austin University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
| | - Brian J. Guise
- Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group, Metairie, LA 70002, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Ord
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Joseph L. Etherton
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - John E. Meyers
- Center for Neurosciences, Orthopedics and Spine, Dakota Dunes, SD 57049, USA
- Meyers Neuropsychological Services, Mililani, HI 96789, USA
| | - R. Denis Soignier
- Department of Psychology, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
| | - Kevin W. Greve
- Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group, Metairie, LA 70002, USA
| | - Kelly L. Curtis
- Department of Psychology, High Point University, High Point, NC 27262, USA
| | - Joy Bui
- Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group, Metairie, LA 70002, USA
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Etherton JL, Axelrod BN. Do administration instructions alter optimal neuropsychological test performance? Data from healthy volunteers. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2012; 20:15-9. [PMID: 23373680 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2012.670152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which patients should be prompted to give their best effort has not been adequately addressed in the literature, nor has the issue of the extent to which they should be informed that measures of effort will be included in the assessment battery. Three groups of undergraduates were given three different instructional sets prior to completing a neuropsychological evaluation. The instructions provided different levels of motivation to perform optimally as well as possible warning regarding the detection of poor effort. The three groups did not differ in performance on any of the cognitive measures, although outlier performance resulted in lower mean performance on the Finger Tapping Test by the most clearly warned group. The results are discussed in terms of the potential of different instructional sets to affect motivation for optimal test performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Etherton
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, USA.
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Greve KW, Etherton JL, Ord J, Bianchini KJ, Curtis KL. Detecting Malingered Pain-Related Disability: Classification Accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 23:1250-71. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040902828272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Greve
- a Department of Psychology , University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
- b Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group , Metairie, LA, USA
| | - Joseph L. Etherton
- b Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group , Metairie, LA, USA
- c Texas State University- , San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Ord
- a Department of Psychology , University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kevin J. Bianchini
- a Department of Psychology , University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
- b Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group , Metairie, LA, USA
| | - Kelly L. Curtis
- a Department of Psychology , University of New Orleans , New Orleans, LA, USA
- b Jefferson Neurobehavioral Group , Metairie, LA, USA
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Greve KW, Bianchini KJ, Etherton JL, Meyers JE, Curtis KL, Ord JS. The Reliable Digit Span Test in Chronic Pain: Classification Accuracy in Detecting Malingered Pain-Related Disability. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 24:137-52. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040902927546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Greve KW, Bianchini KJ, Etherton JL, Ord JS, Curtis KL. Detecting Malingered Pain-Related Disability: Classification Accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test. Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 23:850-69. [DOI: 10.1080/13854040802585055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bianchini KJ, Etherton JL, Greve KW, Heinly MT, Meyers JE. Classification Accuracy of MMPI-2 Validity Scales in the Detection of Pain-Related Malingering. Assessment 2008; 15:435-49. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191108317341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2nd edition (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) validity indicators in the detection of malingering in clinical patients with chronic pain using a hybrid clinical-known groups/simulator design. The sample consisted of patients without financial incentive ( n = 23), nonmalingering patients with financial incentive ( n = 34), patients definitively determined to be malingering based on published criteria ( n = 32), and college students asked to simulate pain-related disability ( n = 26). The MMPI-2 validity scales differentiated malingerers from nonmalingerers with a high degree of accuracy. Hypochondriasis and Hysteria were also effective. For all variables except Scale L, more extreme scores were associated with higher specificity. This study demonstrates that the MMPI-2 is capable of differentiating intentional exaggeration from the effects on symptom report of chronic pain, genuine psychological disturbance, and concurrent stress associated with pursuing a claim in a medico-legal context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin W. Greve
- University of New Orleans, Jefferson Neurobehavioral
Group, kgreve@uno edu
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Abstract
Pain patients often report cognitive symptoms and many will include them in their claims of disability. The Processing Speed Index (PSI) of the WAIS-III was investigated as one aspect of cognitive functioning in six groups. Slight impairment was found for PSI and Digit Symbol subtest performance, but not for Symbol Search, in a Laboratory-induced Pain group and a Clinical Pain group. The lowest scores were found in a Simulator group instructed to fake cognitive impairment and a Clinical Pain group diagnosed as Malingering. Results suggest that PSI scores are only slightly reduced by laboratory-induced pain or chronic pain, and that unexpectedly low scores in the absence of significant/documented brain dysfunction suggest poor effort or deliberate misrepresentation.
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Etherton JL, Bianchini KJ, Ciota MA, Heinly MT, Greve KW. Pain, malingering and the WAIS-III Working Memory Index. Spine J 2006; 6:61-71. [PMID: 16413450 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2005.05.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Pain patients often report cognitive symptoms, and many will include them in their claims of disability. There is empirical evidence that patients with pain do experience problems on attention-demanding cognitive tasks, but the results are mixed and the potential impact of exaggeration in the context of pain-related litigation has not been addressed. PURPOSE 1) Examine the impact of pain and malingering on attention; 2) determine if the Working Memory Index (WMI) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3 (WAIS-III) can reliably detect malingering. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Study 1: simulator design; Study 2: clinical known-groups design. PATIENT SAMPLE Study 1 used healthy college students; Study 2 used chronic pain patients and neurological patients. OUTCOME MEASURES The WMI and its constituent subtests. METHODS Study 1: College students were administered the WMI under three conditions: standard administration, with cold-pressor induced pain, or with instructions to simulate impairment due to pain. Study 2: Known-groups design in which the WMI was examined in non-malingering and definite malingering chronic pain patients, non-malingering moderate-severe traumatic brain injury, and memory disorder patients seen for routine psychological evaluation. Malingering was operationalized using published criteria. RESULTS There were no group differences in WMI or its subtests among non-malingering groups, but some individual clinical patients with pain did score at a level suggestive of attentional impairment. The lowest scores were found in the simulated malingering college students and definite malingering clinical pain groups, in which about half scored worse than 95% of the non-malingering clinical patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that even when controlling for exaggeration some pain patients do exhibit problems with attentional function. However, significant impairment in WMI performance (eg, index score<or=70), particularly in the absence of brain dysfunction, cannot reasonably be attributed to the effects of either acute or chronic pain, even at moderate to severe levels, and likely reflects intentional exaggeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Etherton
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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Etherton JL, Bianchini KJ, Greve KW, Ciota MA. Test of Memory Malingering Performance is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: implications for clinical use. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 20:375-84. [PMID: 15797173 DOI: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a well-validated and widely used forced-choice symptom validity test. However, little is known about how TOMM performance is affected by pain. The present study evaluated the sensitivity of the TOMM to pain induced in healthy participants via the cold-presser test. Participants (n=20 per group) were administered the TOMM under one of three conditions: (1) standard instructions; (2) instructions to simulate pain-related memory deficit in pursuit of personal injury litigation; (3) while experiencing cold-induced pain. Results indicate that TOMM performance was unaffected by laboratory-induced moderate to severe pain and support the TOMM's use in evaluating clinical patients with pain.
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Logan GD, Etherton JL. "What is learned during automatization? The role of attention in constructing an instance": Correction to Logan and Etherton. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1994. [DOI: 10.1037/h0090354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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McGarrah K, Key JB, Etherton JL, Skipper L. Strategic planning for material services in a multihospital system. Hosp Mater Manage Q 1990; 11:1-11. [PMID: 10106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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