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Kamande JW, Nagendran T, Harris J, Taylor AM. Multi-compartment Microfluidic Device Geometry and Covalently Bound Poly-D-Lysine Influence Neuronal Maturation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:84. [PMID: 31134192 PMCID: PMC6515982 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-compartment microfluidic devices have become valuable tools for experimental neuroscientists, improving the organization of neurons and access to their distinct subcellular microenvironments for measurements and manipulations. While murine neurons are extensively used within these devices, there is a growing need to culture and maintain human neurons differentiated from stem cells within multi-compartment devices. Human neuron cultures have different metabolic demands and require longer culture times to achieve synaptic maturation. We tested different channel heights (100 μm, 400 μm, and open) to determine whether greater exposure to media for nutrient exchange might improve long-term growth of NIH-approved H9 embryonic stem cells differentiated into glutamatergic neurons. Our data showed an opposite result with both closed channel configurations having greater synaptic maturation compared to the open compartment configuration. These data suggest that restricted microenvironments surrounding neurons improve growth and maturation of neurons. We next tested whether covalently bound poly-D-lysine (PDL) might improve growth and maturation of these neurons as somata tend to cluster together on PDL adsorbed surfaces after long culture periods (>30 days). We found that covalently bound PDL greatly improved the differentiation and maturation of stem cell-derived neurons within the devices. Lastly, experimental paradigms using the multi-compartment platform show that axons of human stem cell derived neurons intrinsically regenerate in the absence of inhibitory cues and that isolated axons form presynaptic terminals when presented with synaptic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce W Kamande
- UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tharkika Nagendran
- UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Harris
- Xona Microfluidics, LLC, Temecula, CA, United States
| | - Anne Marion Taylor
- UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Xona Microfluidics, LLC, Temecula, CA, United States
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Witek MA, Aufforth RD, Wang H, Kamande JW, Jackson JM, Pullagurla SR, Hupert ML, Usary J, Wysham WZ, Hilliard D, Montgomery S, Bae-Jump V, Carey LA, Gehrig PA, Milowsky MI, Perou CM, Soper JT, Whang YE, Yeh JJ, Martin G, Soper SA. Discrete microfluidics for the isolation of circulating tumor cell subpopulations targeting fibroblast activation protein alpha and epithelial cell adhesion molecule. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1. [PMID: 29657983 PMCID: PMC5871807 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells consist of phenotypically distinct subpopulations that originate from the tumor microenvironment. We report a circulating tumor cell dual selection assay that uses discrete microfluidics to select circulating tumor cell subpopulations from a single blood sample; circulating tumor cells expressing the established marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule and a new marker, fibroblast activation protein alpha, were evaluated. Both circulating tumor cell subpopulations were detected in metastatic ovarian, colorectal, prostate, breast, and pancreatic cancer patients and 90% of the isolated circulating tumor cells did not co-express both antigens. Clinical sensitivities of 100% showed substantial improvement compared to epithelial cell adhesion molecule selection alone. Owing to high purity (>80%) of the selected circulating tumor cells, molecular analysis of both circulating tumor cell subpopulations was carried out in bulk, including next generation sequencing, mutation analysis, and gene expression. Results suggested fibroblast activation protein alpha and epithelial cell adhesion molecule circulating tumor cells are distinct subpopulations and the use of these in concert can provide information needed to navigate through cancer disease management challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata A Witek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel D Aufforth
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joyce W Kamande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua M Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Swathi R Pullagurla
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Mateusz L Hupert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,BioFluidica, Inc., c/o Carolina Kick-Start, 321 Bondurant Hall, Chapel Hill NC27599, USA
| | - Jerry Usary
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weiya Z Wysham
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dawud Hilliard
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Animal Histopathology Core, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Animal Histopathology Core, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Bae-Jump
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa A Carey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paola A Gehrig
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew I Milowsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John T Soper
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Young E Whang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Steven A Soper
- BioEngineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.,Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Kamande JW, Wang Y, Taylor AM. Cloning SU8 silicon masters using epoxy resins to increase feature replicability and production for cell culture devices. Biomicrofluidics 2015; 9:036502. [PMID: 26180572 PMCID: PMC4482805 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) devices for cell-based studies. Commonly, the negative tone photoresist, SU8, is used to pattern features onto silicon wafers to create masters (SU8-Si) for PDMS replica molding. However, the complexity in the fabrication process, low feature reproducibility (master-to-master variability), silane toxicity, and short life span of these masters have been deterrents for using SU8-Si masters for the production of cell culture based PDMS microfluidic devices. While other techniques have demonstrated the ability to generate multiple devices from a single master, they often do not match the high feature resolution (∼0.1 μm) and low surface roughness that soft lithography masters offer. In this work, we developed a method to fabricate epoxy-based masters that allows for the replication of features with high fidelity directly from SU8-Si masters via their PDMS replicas. By this method, we show that we could obtain many epoxy based masters with equivalent features to a single SU8-Si master with a low feature variance of 1.54%. Favorable feature transfer resolutions were also obtained by using an appropriate Tg epoxy based system to ensure minimal shrinkage of features ranging in size from ∼100 μm to <10 μm in height. We further show that surface coating epoxy masters with Cr/Au lead to effective demolding and yield PDMS chambers that are suitable for long-term culturing of sensitive primary hippocampal neurons. Finally, we incorporated pillars within the Au-epoxy masters to eliminate the process of punching media reservoirs and thereby reducing substantial artefacts and wastage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kamande
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7575, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Campus Box 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Torphy RJ, Tignanelli CJ, Kamande JW, Moffitt RA, Herrera Loeza SG, Soper SA, Yeh JJ. Circulating tumor cells as a biomarker of response to treatment in patient-derived xenograft mouse models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89474. [PMID: 24586805 PMCID: PMC3929698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed from solid tumors into circulation and have been shown to be prognostic in the setting of metastatic disease. These cells are obtained through a routine blood draw and may serve as an easily accessible marker for monitoring treatment effectiveness. Because of the rapid progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), early insight into treatment effectiveness may allow for necessary and timely changes in treatment regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate CTC burden as a biomarker of response to treatment with a oral phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor, BKM120, in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of PDAC. PDX mice were randomized to receive vehicle or BKM120 treatment for 28 days and CTCs were enumerated from whole blood before and after treatment using a microfluidic chip that selected for EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) positive cells. This microfluidic device allowed for the release of captured CTCs and enumeration of these cells via their electrical impedance signatures. Median CTC counts significantly decreased in the BKM120 group from pre- to post-treatment (26.61 to 2.21 CTCs/250 µL, p = 0.0207) while no significant change was observed in the vehicle group (23.26 to 11.89 CTCs/250 µL, p = 0.8081). This reduction in CTC burden in the treatment group correlated with tumor growth inhibition indicating CTC burden is a promising biomarker of response to treatment in preclinical models. Mutant enriched sequencing of isolated CTCs confirmed that they harbored KRAS G12V mutations, identical to the matched tumors. In the long-term, PDX mice are a useful preclinical model for furthering our understanding of CTCs. Clinically, mutational analysis of CTCs and serial monitoring of CTC burden may be used as a minimally invasive approach to predict and monitor treatment response to guide therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Torphy
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Tignanelli
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joyce W. Kamande
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Moffitt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Silvia G. Herrera Loeza
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aufforth RD, Baker JJ, Witek MA, Kamande JW, Kim HJ, Kuan PF, Soper SA, Yeh JJ. Circulating tumor cells as a possible marker for micrometastatic disease in patients with localized pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
175 Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed into circulation from tumors. They are increasingly recognized to be important biomarkers of disease burden in patients with solid tumors. Studies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been limited due in part to low sensitivity of existing assays with extremely low numbers detected (0-15 per 7.5-15ml of blood). The development of newer microfluidic platforms has resulted in the ability to detect substantially greater numbers of CTCs. Methods: 15 patients with PDAC were enrolled in an IRB-approved study. Blood was collected in EDTA tubes and processed within 3 hours. CTCs were selected from 2-3ml of whole blood using monoclonal antibodies against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and enumerated using a novel microfluidic platform. CTCs were confirmed by DAPI, CK8/18/19 and CD45 staining. Results: Patients with metastatic disease (n=12) had a mean of 29.7, median of 22 (3.5-107) CTCs per 1ml of blood. Patients with localized disease (n=3) had a mean of 3.8, median of 2.9 (2.3-6.2) CTCs per 1ml of blood. 0.5-1 CTCs per 1ml were detected in normal controls (n=2). The number of CTCs was significantly different between localized, metastatic and normal patients (p=0.01). 1 patient, initially thought to have localized disease by standard imaging but found to be metastatic at time of operation, had a mean of 45.9 CTCs per 1ml of blood compared to a mean of 3.8 CTCs per 1ml in patients who underwent a curative resection (p=0.009). Conclusions: Studies of CTCs in PDAC have been very limited. Our ability to detect large numbers of CTCs with good dynamic range suggests that further investigation into CTCs as a prognostic marker in PDAC is warranted. This is the first study that we are aware of to find CTCs in patients with localized disease. The presence of CTCs in patients with localized PDAC is surprising and may be associated with findings of unexpected metastatic disease at surgery. Further follow-up will be needed to determine if the presence of CTCs in these patients is a harbinger of shorter progression-free survival and overall survival after curative operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Aufforth
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Malgorzata A. Witek
- University of North Carolina Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joyce W. Kamande
- University of North Carolina Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pei-Fen Kuan
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Steven A. Soper
- University of North Carolina Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC
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Dharmasiri U, Njoroge SK, Witek MA, Adebiyi MG, Kamande JW, Hupert ML, Barany F, Soper SA. High-throughput selection, enumeration, electrokinetic manipulation, and molecular profiling of low-abundance circulating tumor cells using a microfluidic system. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2301-9. [PMID: 21319808 DOI: 10.1021/ac103172y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A circulating tumor cell (CTC) selection microfluidic device was integrated to an electrokinetic enrichment device for preconcentrating CTCs directly from whole blood to allow for the detection of mutations contained within the genomic DNA of the CTCs. Molecular profiling of CTCs can provide important clinical information that cannot be garnered simply by enumerating the selected CTCs. We evaluated our approach using SW620 and HT29 cells (colorectal cancer cell lines) seeded into whole blood as a model system. Because SW620 and HT29 cells overexpress the integral membrane protein EpCAM, they could be immunospecifically selected using a microfluidic device containing anti-EpCAM antibodies immobilized to the walls of a selection bed. The microfluidic device was operated at an optimized flow rate of 2 mm s(-1), which allowed for the ability to process 1 mL of whole blood in <40 min. The selected CTCs were then enzymatically released from the antibody selection surface and hydrodynamically transported through a pair of Pt electrodes for conductivity-based enumeration. The efficiency of CTC selection was found to be 96% ± 4%. Following enumeration, the CTCs were hydrodynamically transported at a flow rate of 1 μL min(-1) to an on-chip electromanipulation unit, where they were electrophoretically withdrawn from the bulk hydrodynamic flow and directed into a receiving reservoir. Using an electric field of 100 V cm(-1), the negatively charged CTCs were enriched into an anodic receiving reservoir to a final volume of 2 μL, providing an enrichment factor of 500. The collected CTCs could then be searched for point mutations using a PCR/LDR/capillary electrophoresis assay. The DNA extracted from the CTCs was subjected to a primary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the amplicons used for a ligase detection reaction (LDR) to probe for KRAS oncogenic point mutations. Point mutations in codon 12 of the KRAS gene were successfully detected in the SW620 CTCs for samples containing <10 CTCs in 1 mL of whole blood. However, the HT29 cells did not contain these mutations, consistent with their known genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Dharmasiri
- Center for Bio-Modular Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, 8000 GSRI Road, Building 3100, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820-7403, United States
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