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Curto MÁ, Butassi E, Ribas JC, Svetaz LA, Cortés JCG. Natural products targeting the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan and chitin of the fungal cell wall. Existing drugs and recent findings. Phytomedicine 2021; 88:153556. [PMID: 33958276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last three decades systemic fungal infections associated to immunosuppressive therapies have become a serious healthcare problem. Clinical development of new antifungals is an urgent requirement. Since fungal but not mammalian cells are encased in a carbohydrate-containing cell wall, which is required for the growth and viability of fungi, the inhibition of cell wall synthesizing machinery, such as β(1,3)-D-glucan synthases (GS) and chitin synthases (CS) that catalyze the synthesis of β(1-3)-D-glucan and chitin, respectively, represent an ideal mode of action of antifungal agents. Although the echinocandins anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin are clinically well-established GS inhibitors for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, much effort must still be made to identify inhibitors of other enzymes and processes involved in the synthesis of the fungal cell wall. PURPOSE Since natural products (NPs) have been the source of several antifungals in clinical use and also have provided important scaffolds for the development of semisynthetic analogues, this review was devoted to investigate the advances made to date in the discovery of NPs from plants that showed capacity of inhibiting cell wall synthesis targets. The chemical characterization, specific target, discovery process, along with the stage of development are provided here. METHODS An extensive systematic search for NPs against the cell wall was performed considering all the articles published until the end of 2020 through the following scientific databases: NCBI PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar and using the combination of the terms "natural antifungals" and "plant extracts" with "fungal cell wall". RESULTS The first part of this review introduces the state of the art of the structure and biosynthesis of the fungal cell wall and considers exclusively those naturally produced GS antifungals that have given rise to both existing semisynthetic approved drugs and those derivatives currently in clinical trials. According to their chemical structure, natural GS inhibitors can be classified as 1) cyclic lipopeptides, 2) glycolipids and 3) acidic terpenoids. We also included nikkomycins and polyoxins, NPs that inhibit the CS, which have traditionally been considered good candidates for antifungal drug development but have finally been discarded after enduring unsuccessful clinical trials. Finally, the review focuses in the most recent findings about the growing field of plant-derived molecules and extracts that exhibit activity against the fungal cell wall. Thus, this search yielded sixteen articles, nine of which deal with pure compounds and seven with plant extracts or fractions with proven activity against the fungal cell wall. Regarding the mechanism of action, seven (44%) produced GS inhibition while five (31%) inhibited CS. Some of them (56%) interfered with other components of the cell wall. Most of the analyzed articles refer to tests carried out in vitro and therefore are in early stages of development. CONCLUSION This report delivers an overview about both existing natural antifungals targeting GS and CS activities and their mechanisms of action. It also presents recent discoveries on natural products that may be used as starting points for the development of potential selective and non-toxic antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Juan C Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Zhou S, Wolfender JL, Cortés JCG, Ribas JC, Díaz C, Palacio JPD, Vicente F, Zacchino SA. The antifungal activity and mechanisms of action of quantified extracts from berries, leaves and roots of Phytolacca tetramera. Phytomedicine 2019; 60:152884. [PMID: 30922815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytolacca tetramera is an endemic plant from Argentina that is currently at serious risk because its environment is subjected to a high anthropic impact. A previous study has shown that berry extracts obtained from this plant display antifungal activity against multiple human-pathogenic fungi when tested with a non-standardized method. Further evidences of the antifungal properties of other parts of the plant and studies of mechanism of antifungal action of the antifungal chemically characterized extracts are required. PURPOSE This study aimed to gain further evidence of the antifungal activity of P. tetramera berry, leaf and root extracts in order to find the most active extract to be developed as an Herbal Medicinal Antifungal Product. The medicinal usefulness of P. tetramera extracts as antifungal agents will serve as an important support to create concience and carry out actions tending to the preservation of this threatened species and its environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical analysis of all P. tetramera extracts, including quantitation of selected markers, was performed through UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and UPLC-ESI-MS techniques according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The antifungal activity of the quantified extracts was tested with the standardized CLSI microbroth dilution method against Candida spp. Antifungal mechanisms of the most active extract were studied by examination of morphological changes by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopies and both, cellular and enzymatic assays targeting either the fungal membrane or the cell wall. RESULTS The antifungal activity of twelve P. tetramera extracts was tested against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The dichloromethane extract from berries (PtDEb) showed the best activity. Phytolaccagenin (PhytG) and phytolaccoside B (PhytB) were selected as the main active markers for the antifungal P. tetramera extracts. The quantitation of these active markers in all extracts showed that PtDEb possessed the highest amount of PhytG and PhytB. Finally, studies on the mechanism of antifungal action showed that the most active PtDEb extract produces morphological changes compatible with a damage of the cell wall and/or the plasma membrane. Cellular and enzymatic assays showed that PtDEb would not damage the fungal cell wall by itself, but would alter the plasma membrane. In agreement, PtDEb was found to bind to ergosterol, the main sterol of the fungal plasma membrane. CONCLUSION Studies of the anti-Candida activity of P. tetramera extracts led to the selection of PtDEb as the most suitable extract, confirming the antifungal properties of the threatened species P. tetramera. The new data give a valuable reason for the definitive protection of this sp. and its natural environment thus allowing further studies for the future development of an Herbal Medicinal Antifungal Product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Shuaizhen Zhou
- Natural Products Chemistry Department, & State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1206 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica y Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica y Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Susana A Zacchino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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Butassi E, Svetaz LA, Sortino MA, Quiroga AD, Carvalho VSD, Cortés JCG, Ribas JC, Zacchino SA. Approaches to the mechanism of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata-Larrea nitida bi-herbal combination. Phytomedicine 2019; 54:291-301. [PMID: 30668380 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous study the synergism of four combinations of Zuccagnia punctata (ZpE) and Larrea nitida (LnE) exudates with the reliable statistical-based MixLow method was assessed, and the markers of the most anti-C. albicans synergistic ZpE-LnE bi-herbal combination were quantified according to European Medicines Agency (EMA). PURPOSE To study the mechanisms of action as well as the cytotoxic properties of the ZpE-LnE most synergistic combination found in the previous work. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and rate of killing of ZpE-LnE were assessed with the microbroth dilution and the time-kill assays respectively. Morphological alterations were observed with both confocal and fluorescence microscopy on the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The ergosterol exogenous assay, the quantification of ergosterol, the sorbitol as well as glucan synthase (GS) and chitin synthase (ChS) assays were used to detect the effects on the fungal membrane and cell wall respectively. The capacity of ZpE-LnE of inhibiting Candida virulence factors was assessed with previously reported methods. The effect of ZpE-LnE and of ZpE or LnE alone on cell viability was determined on human hepatoma cells line Huh7. RESULTS ZpE-Ln E was fungicidal killing C. albicans in a shorter time than amphotericin B and produced malformations in S. pombe cells. ZpE-LnE showed to bind to ergosterol but not to inhibit any step of the ergosterol biosynthesis. ZpE-LnE showed a low or moderate capacity of inhibiting GS and ChS. Regarding inhibition of virulence factors, ZpE-LnE significantly decreased the capacity of adhesion to eukaryotic buccal epithelial cells (BECs), did not inhibit the germ tube formation and inhibited the secretion of phospholipases and proteinases but not of haemolysins. ZpE-LnE demonstrated very low toxicity on Huh7 cells, much lower than that each extract alone. CONCLUSION The fungicidal properties of ZpE-LnE against C. albicans, its dual mechanism of action targeting the fungal membrane's ergosterol as well as the cell wall, its capacity of inhibiting several important virulence factors added to its low toxicity, make ZpE-LnE a good candidate for the development of a new antifungal bi-Herbal Medicinal Product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina
| | - Laura A Svetaz
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina
| | - Maximiliano A Sortino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina; Area Micología y Centro de Referencia en Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina
| | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Area Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Vanessa S D Carvalho
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica y Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica y Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica y Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana A Zacchino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina.
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Sethi K, Palani S, Cortés JCG, Sato M, Sevugan M, Ramos M, Vijaykumar S, Osumi M, Naqvi NI, Ribas JC, Balasubramanian M. A New Membrane Protein Sbg1 Links the Contractile Ring Apparatus and Septum Synthesis Machinery in Fission Yeast. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006383. [PMID: 27749909 PMCID: PMC5066963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in many organisms requires a plasma membrane anchored actomyosin ring, whose contraction facilitates cell division. In yeast and fungi, actomyosin ring constriction is also coordinated with division septum assembly. How the actomyosin ring interacts with the plasma membrane and the plasma membrane-localized septum synthesizing machinery remains poorly understood. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, an attractive model organism to study cytokinesis, the β-1,3-glucan synthase Cps1p / Bgs1p, an integral membrane protein, localizes to the plasma membrane overlying the actomyosin ring and is required for primary septum synthesis. Through a high-dosage suppressor screen we identified an essential gene, sbg1+ (suppressor of beta glucan synthase 1), which suppressed the colony formation defect of Bgs1-defective cps1-191 mutant at higher temperatures. Sbg1p, an integral membrane protein, localizes to the cell ends and to the division site. Sbg1p and Bgs1p physically interact and are dependent on each other to localize to the division site. Loss of Sbg1p results in an unstable actomyosin ring that unravels and slides, leading to an inability to deposit a single contiguous division septum and an important reduction of the β-1,3-glucan proportion in the cell wall, coincident with that observed in the cps1-191 mutant. Sbg1p shows genetic and / or physical interaction with Rga7p, Imp2p, Cdc15p, and Pxl1p, proteins known to be required for actomyosin ring integrity and efficient septum synthesis. This study establishes Sbg1p as a key member of a group of proteins that link the plasma membrane, the actomyosin ring, and the division septum assembly machinery in fission yeast. Cell division in many organisms requires the function of an actomyosin ring, an apparatus that resembles the force generating machinery in the muscle. This ring apparatus is attached to the cell periphery (cell membranes) such that when it contracts, it brings the cell periphery together with it, leading to cell division. How the actomyosin ring is attached to the cell membrane at the division site is unknown. In this manuscript, we identify and describe Sbg1, a protein that links the actomyosin ring and the cell membranes since Sbg1 has a sequence that allows it to be inserted into the cell membrane. Sbg1 specifically localizes to the cell division site and also cooperates with a cell wall biosynthetic enzyme Bgs1 to achieve cell division. Consistently, in the absence of Sbg1, cells fail to divide leading to lethality. Sbg1 interacts with a number of cell division proteins, such as Cdc15, Rga7, Imp2, and Pxl1, to achieve its function as a bridge between the cell membrane and the actomyosin ring. Our work identifies a direct molecular link between the actomyosin ring and the cell membranes, explaining how ring contraction leads to inward movement of the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Sethi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C. G. Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cinetificas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mamiko Sato
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Bio-imaging Centre, and Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Japan Women’s University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayalagu Sevugan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore
| | - Mariona Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cinetificas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Shruthi Vijaykumar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Masako Osumi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Bio-imaging Centre, and Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Japan Women’s University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- NPO Integrated Imaging Research Support, Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cinetificas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mohan Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pérez P, Cortés JCG, Martín-García R, Ribas JC. Overview of fission yeast septation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1201-7. [PMID: 27155541 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final process of the vegetative cycle, which divides a cell into two independent daughter cells once mitosis is completed. In fungi, as in animal cells, cytokinesis requires the formation of a cleavage furrow originated by constriction of an actomyosin ring which is connected to the plasma membrane and causes its invagination. Additionally, because fungal cells have a polysaccharide cell wall outside the plasma membrane, cytokinesis requires the formation of a septum coincident with the membrane ingression. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a unicellular, rod-shaped fungus that has become a popular model organism for the study of actomyosin ring formation and constriction during cell division. Here we review the current knowledge of the septation and separation processes in this fungus, as well as recent advances in understanding the functional interaction between the transmembrane enzymes that build the septum and the actomyosin ring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Rebeca Martín-García
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Juan C Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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Abstract
In animal cells cytokinesis relies on the contraction of an actomyosin ring that pulls the plasma membrane to create a cleavage furrow, whose ingression finally divides the mother cell into two daughter cells. Fungal cells are surrounded by a tough and flexible structure called cell wall, which is considered to be the functional equivalent of the extracellular matrix in animal cells. Therefore, in addition to cleavage furrow ingression, fungal cytokinesis also requires the centripetal formation of a septum wall structure that develops between the dividing cells, whose genesis must be strictly coordinated with both the actomyosin ring closure and plasma membrane ingression. Here we briefly review what is known about the septum structure and composition in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the recent progress about the relationship between septum biosynthesis and actomyosin ring constriction, and the importance of the septum and ring in the steady progression of the cleavage furrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariona Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Masako Osumi
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan; Integrated Imaging Research Support, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
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G. Cortés JC, Pujol N, Sato M, Pinar M, Ramos M, Moreno B, Osumi M, Ribas JC, Pérez P. Cooperation between Paxillin-like Protein Pxl1 and Glucan Synthase Bgs1 Is Essential for Actomyosin Ring Stability and Septum Formation in Fission Yeast. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005358. [PMID: 26132084 PMCID: PMC4489101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungal cells cytokinesis requires coordinated closure of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) and synthesis of a special cell wall structure known as the division septum. Many CAR proteins have been identified and characterized, but how these molecules interact with the septum synthesis enzymes to form the septum remains unclear. Our genetic study using fission yeast shows that cooperation between the paxillin homolog Pxl1, required for ring integrity, and Bgs1, the enzyme responsible for linear β(1,3)glucan synthesis and primary septum formation, is required for stable anchorage of the CAR to the plasma membrane before septation onset, and for cleavage furrow formation. Thus, lack of Pxl1 in combination with Bgs1 depletion, causes failure of ring contraction and lateral cell wall overgrowth towards the cell lumen without septum formation. We also describe here that Pxl1 concentration at the CAR increases during cytokinesis and that this increase depends on the SH3 domain of the F-BAR protein Cdc15. In consequence, Bgs1 depletion in cells carrying a cdc15ΔSH3 allele causes ring disassembly and septation blockage, as it does in cells lacking Pxl1. On the other hand, the absence of Pxl1 is lethal when Cdc15 function is affected, generating a large sliding of the CAR with deposition of septum wall material along the cell cortex, and suggesting additional functions for both Pxl1 and Cdc15 proteins. In conclusion, our findings indicate that CAR anchorage to the plasma membrane through Cdc15 and Pxl1, and concomitant Bgs1 activity, are necessary for CAR maintenance and septum formation in fission yeast. Cytokinesis requires assembly of an actomyosin ring adjacent to the plasma membrane, which upon contraction pulls the membrane to form a cleavage furrow. In fungi ring closure is coordinated with the synthesis of a cell wall septum. Knowledge about the molecules anchoring the ring to the membrane is very limited. We have found that fission yeast paxillin, located at the ring, and Bgs1, the enzyme responsible for primary septum formation, located at the membrane, cooperate during cytokinesis. Both are required to anchor the ring to the membrane and to maintain it during cytokinesis. Moreover, both proteins cooperate to form the septum. Accordingly, paxillin is essential when Bgs1 is depleted. When both proteins are missing, the contractile ring forms but the lateral cell wall overgrows inwards without a defined cleavage furrow and septum formation. During cytokinesis there is an increase of paxillin which depends on the SH3 domain of the F-BAR protein Cdc15. Consequently the absence of this domain mimics the phenotype of paxillin absence in Bgs1-depleted cells. Interestingly, a decreased function of both Cdc15 and paxillin uncouples the septum synthesis from the ring contraction, indicating an essential cooperation between these proteins and Bgs1 for proper cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. G. Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Nuria Pujol
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques, Bàsiques,Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mamiko Sato
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Open Research Centre, and Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women’s University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Pinar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Masako Osumi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy/Open Research Centre, and Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women’s University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) / Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Martins IM, Cortés JCG, Muñoz J, Moreno MB, Ramos M, Clemente-Ramos JA, Durán A, Ribas JC. Differential activities of three families of specific beta(1,3)glucan synthase inhibitors in wild-type and resistant strains of fission yeast. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3484-96. [PMID: 21115488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.174300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Three specific β(1,3)glucan synthase (GS) inhibitor families, papulacandins, acidic terpenoids, and echinocandins, have been analyzed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe wild-type and papulacandin-resistant cells and GS activities. Papulacandin and enfumafungin produced similar in vivo effects, different from that of echinocandins. Also, papulacandin was the strongest in vitro GS inhibitor (IC(50) 10(3)-10(4)-fold lower than with enfumafungin or pneumocandin), but caspofungin was by far the most efficient antifungal because of the following. 1) It was the only drug that affected resistant cells (minimal inhibitory concentration close to that of the wild type). 2) It was a strong inhibitor of wild-type GS (IC(50) close to that of papulacandin). 3) It was the best inhibitor of mutant GS. Moreover, caspofungin showed a special effect for two GS inhibition activities, of high and low affinity, separated by 2 log orders, with no increase in inhibition. pbr1-8 and pbr1-6 resistances are due to single substitutions in the essential Bgs4 GS, located close to the resistance hot spot 1 region described in Saccharomyces and Candida Fks mutants. Bgs4(pbr)(1-8) contains the E700V change, four residues N-terminal from hot spot 1 defining a larger resistance hot spot 1-1 of 13 amino acids. Bgs4(pbr)(1-6) contains the W760S substitution, defining a new resistance hot spot 1-2. We observed spontaneous revertants of the spherical pbr1-6 phenotype and found that an additional A914V change is involved in the recovery of the wild-type cell shape, but it maintains the resistance phenotype. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of the antifungals available should help to improve their activity and to identify new antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone M Martins
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Castelli MV, Cortés JCG, Escalante AM, Bah M, Pereda-Miranda R, Ribas JC, Zacchino SA. In vitro inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase by glycolipids from convolvulaceous species. Planta Med 2002; 68:739-742. [PMID: 12221599 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-33791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen convolvulaceous glycolipids selected from the tricolorin (1 - 7) and orizabin (8 - 16) series, proved to be strong in vitro inhibitors of the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, a major polymer of fungal cell-walls. Results provide an insight into function of the specific structures of these complex macrocyclic lactones as inhibitors of the 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase and open the possibility of using these compounds as starting points for the development of antifungal agents that act by inhibiting fungal cell-wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Castelli
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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