1
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Shahbaz MA, Kuivanen S, Mussalo L, Afonin AM, Kumari K, Behzadpour D, Kalapudas J, Koivisto AM, Penttilä E, Löppönen H, Jalava P, Vapalahti O, Balistreri G, Lampinen R, Kanninen KM. Exposure to urban particulate matter alters responses of olfactory mucosal cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Environ Res 2024; 249:118451. [PMID: 38341073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have a significant impact on health, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Exposure to air pollution can contribute to viral susceptibility and be associated with severe outcomes, as suggested by recent epidemiological studies. Furthermore, exposure to particulate matter (PM), an important constituent of air pollution, is linked to adverse effects on the brain, including cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The olfactory mucosa (OM), a tissue located at the rooftop of the nasal cavity, is directly exposed to inhaled air and in direct contact with the brain. Increasing evidence of OM dysfunction related to neuropathogenesis and viral infection demonstrates the importance of elucidating the interplay between viruses and air pollutants at the OM. This study examined the effects of subacute exposure to urban PM 0.2 and PM 10-2.5 on SARS-CoV-2 infection using primary human OM cells obtained from cognitively healthy individuals and individuals diagnosed with AD. OM cells were exposed to PM and subsequently infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the presence of pollutants. SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors and replication, toxicological endpoints, cytokine release, oxidative stress markers, and amyloid beta levels were measured. Exposure to PM did not enhance the expression of viral entry receptors or cellular viral load in human OM cells. However, PM-exposed and SARS-CoV-2-infected cells showed alterations in cellular and immune responses when compared to cells infected only with the virus or pollutants. These changes are highly pronounced in AD OM cells. These results suggest that exposure of human OM cells to PM does not increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, but it can alter cellular immune responses to the virus, particularly in AD. Understanding the interplay of air pollutants and COVID-19 can provide important insight for the development of public health policies and interventions to reduce the negative influences of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Mussalo
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexey M Afonin
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kajal Kumari
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donya Behzadpour
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- University of Eastern Finland, Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- University of Eastern Finland, Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Neurosciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Penttilä
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland.
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2
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Mussalo L, Avesani S, Shahbaz MA, Závodná T, Saveleva L, Järvinen A, Lampinen R, Belaya I, Krejčík Z, Ivanova M, Hakkarainen H, Kalapudas J, Penttilä E, Löppönen H, Koivisto AM, Malm T, Topinka J, Giugno R, Aakko-Saksa P, Chew S, Rönkkö T, Jalava P, Kanninen KM. Emissions from modern engines induce distinct effects in human olfactory mucosa cells, depending on fuel and aftertreatment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:167038. [PMID: 37709087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) with a diameter of ≤0.1 μm, are contributors to ambient air pollution and derived mainly from traffic emissions, yet their health effects remain poorly characterized. The olfactory mucosa (OM) is located at the rooftop of the nasal cavity and directly exposed to both the environment and the brain. Mounting evidence suggests that pollutant particles affect the brain through the olfactory tract, however, the exact cellular mechanisms of how the OM responds to air pollutants remain poorly known. Here we show that the responses of primary human OM cells are altered upon exposure to UFPs and that different fuels and engines elicit different adverse effects. We used UFPs collected from exhausts of a heavy-duty-engine run with renewable diesel (A0) and fossil diesel (A20), and from a modern diesel vehicle run with renewable diesel (Euro6) and compared their health effects on the OM cells by assessing cellular processes on the functional and transcriptomic levels. Quantification revealed all samples as UFPs with the majority of particles being ≤0.1 μm by an aerodynamic diameter. Exposure to A0 and A20 induced substantial alterations in processes associated with inflammatory response, xenobiotic metabolism, olfactory signaling, and epithelial integrity. Euro6 caused only negligible changes, demonstrating the efficacy of aftertreatment devices. Furthermore, when compared to A20, A0 elicited less pronounced effects on OM cells, suggesting renewable diesel induces less adverse effects in OM cells. Prior studies and these results suggest that PAHs may disturb the inflammatory process and xenobiotic metabolism in the OM and that UFPs might mediate harmful effects on the brain through the olfactory route. This study provides important information on the adverse effects of UFPs in a human-based in vitro model, therefore providing new insight to form the basis for mitigation and preventive actions against the possible toxicological impairments caused by UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mussalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simone Avesani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Táňa Závodná
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Ivanova
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Penttilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sweelin Chew
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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Shahbaz MA, Kuivanen S, Lampinen R, Mussalo L, Hron T, Závodná T, Ojha R, Krejčík Z, Saveleva L, Tahir NA, Kalapudas J, Koivisto AM, Penttilä E, Löppönen H, Singh P, Topinka J, Vapalahti O, Chew S, Balistreri G, Kanninen KM. Human-derived air-liquid interface cultures decipher Alzheimer's disease-SARS-CoV-2 crosstalk in the olfactory mucosa. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38098019 PMCID: PMC10722731 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurological effects of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) raise concerns about potential long-term consequences, such as an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation and other AD-associated pathologies are also suggested to increase the risk of serious SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia is a common neurological symptom reported in COVID-19 and in early AD. The olfactory mucosa (OM) is important for the perception of smell and a proposed site of viral entry to the brain. However, little is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection at the OM of individuals with AD. METHODS To address this gap, we established a 3D in vitro model of the OM from primary cells derived from cognitively healthy and AD individuals. We cultured the cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to study SARS-CoV-2 infection under controlled experimental conditions. Primary OM cells in ALI expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and several other known SARS-CoV-2 receptor and were highly vulnerable to infection. Infection was determined by secreted viral RNA content and confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) in the infected cells by immunocytochemistry. Differential responses of healthy and AD individuals-derived OM cells to SARS-CoV-2 were determined by RNA sequencing. RESULTS Results indicate that cells derived from cognitively healthy donors and individuals with AD do not differ in susceptibility to infection with the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, transcriptomic signatures in cells from individuals with AD are highly distinct. Specifically, the cells from AD patients that were infected with the virus showed increased levels of oxidative stress, desensitized inflammation and immune responses, and alterations to genes associated with olfaction. These results imply that individuals with AD may be at a greater risk of experiencing severe outcomes from the infection, potentially driven by pre-existing neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS The study sheds light on the interplay between AD pathology and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altered transcriptomic signatures in AD cells may contribute to unique symptoms and a more severe disease course, with a notable involvement of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to enhance outcomes for AD patients with viral infection. The study is crucial to better comprehend the relationship between AD, COVID-19, and anosmia. It highlights the importance of ongoing research to develop more effective treatments for those at high risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Mussalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomáš Hron
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Táňa Závodná
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Numan Ahmad Tahir
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Penttilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sweelin Chew
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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4
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Julkunen V, Schwarz C, Kalapudas J, Hallikainen M, Piironen AK, Mannermaa A, Kujala H, Laitinen T, Kosma VM, Paajanen TI, Kälviäinen R, Hiltunen M, Herukka SK, Kärkkäinen S, Kokkola T, Urjansson M, Perola M, Palotie A, Vuoksimaa E, Runz H. A FinnGen pilot clinical recall study for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12641. [PMID: 37537264 PMCID: PMC10400697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful development of novel therapies requires that clinical trials are conducted in patient cohorts with the highest benefit-to-risk ratio. Population-based biobanks with comprehensive health and genetic data from large numbers of individuals hold promise to facilitate identification of trial participants, particularly when interventions need to start while symptoms are still mild, such as for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study describes a process for clinical recall studies from FinnGen. We demonstrate the feasibility to systematically ascertain customized clinical data from FinnGen participants with ICD10 diagnosis of AD or mild cognitive disorder (MCD) in a single-center cross-sectional study testing blood-based biomarkers and cognitive functioning in-person, computer-based and remote. As a result, 19% (27/140) of a pre-specified FinnGen subcohort were successfully recalled and completed the study. Hospital records largely validated registry entries. For 8/12 MCD patients, other reasons than AD were identified as underlying diagnosis. Cognitive measures correlated across platforms, with highest consistencies for dementia screening (r = 0.818) and semantic fluency (r = 0.764), respectively, for in-person versus telephone-administered tests. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (p < 0.002) and phosphorylated-tau 181 (pTau-181) (p < 0.020) most reliably differentiated AD from MCD participants. We conclude that informative, customized clinical recall studies from FinnGen are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Julkunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Claudia Schwarz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Hallikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teemu I Paajanen
- Work Ability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mia Urjansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Lampinen R, Górová V, Avesani S, Liddell JR, Penttilä E, Závodná T, Krejčík Z, Lehtola JM, Saari T, Kalapudas J, Hannonen S, Löppönen H, Topinka J, Koivisto AM, White AR, Giugno R, Kanninen KM. Biometal Dyshomeostasis in Olfactory Mucosa of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084123. [PMID: 35456941 PMCID: PMC9032618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory function, orchestrated by the cells of the olfactory mucosa at the rooftop of the nasal cavity, is disturbed early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biometals including zinc and calcium are known to be important for sense of smell and to be altered in the brains of AD patients. Little is known about elemental homeostasis in the AD patient olfactory mucosa. Here we aimed to assess whether the disease-related alterations to biometal homeostasis observed in the brain are also reflected in the olfactory mucosa. We applied RNA sequencing to discover gene expression changes related to metals in olfactory mucosal cells of cognitively healthy controls, individuals with mild cognitive impairment and AD patients, and performed analysis of the elemental content to determine metal levels. Results demonstrate that the levels of zinc, calcium and sodium are increased in the AD olfactory mucosa concomitantly with alterations to 17 genes related to metal-ion binding or metal-related function of the protein product. A significant elevation in alpha-2-macroglobulin, a known metal-binding biomarker correlated with brain disease burden, was observed on the gene and protein levels in the olfactory mucosa cells of AD patients. These data demonstrate that the olfactory mucosa cells derived from AD patients recapitulate certain impairments of biometal homeostasis observed in the brains of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Lampinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.L.); (V.G.)
| | - Veronika Górová
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.L.); (V.G.)
| | - Simone Avesani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.A.); (R.G.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Liddell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Elina Penttilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Táňa Závodná
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.Z.); (Z.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.Z.); (Z.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Juha-Matti Lehtola
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.-M.L.); (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.H.); (A.M.K.)
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCentre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Toni Saari
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.-M.L.); (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.H.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.-M.L.); (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.H.); (A.M.K.)
| | - Sanna Hannonen
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.-M.L.); (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.H.); (A.M.K.)
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCentre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.Z.); (Z.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Anne M. Koivisto
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.-M.L.); (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.H.); (A.M.K.)
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCentre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anthony R. White
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.A.); (R.G.)
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (R.L.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence:
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