Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote enzalutamide resistance and PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer through CCL5-CCR5 paracrine axis

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to play a key role in prostate cancer treatment resistance, but the role of CAFs in the initial course of enzalutamide therapy for prostate cancer remains unclear. Our research revealed that CAFs secrete CCL5, which promotes the upregulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate cancer cells, leading to resistance to enzalutamide therapy. Furthermore, CCL5 also enhances the expression of tumor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), resulting in immune escape. Mechanistically, CCL5 binds to the receptor CCR5 on prostate cancer cells and activates the AKT signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of AR and PD-L1. The CCR5 antagonist maraviroc to inhibit the CAFs mediated CCL5 signaling pathway can effectively reduce the expression of AR and PD-L1, and improve the efficacy of enzalutamide. This study highlights a promising therapeutic approach targeting the CCL5-CCR5 signaling pathway to improve the effectiveness of enzalutamide.

[Significance of TERT promoter mutation in differential diagnosis of non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions of bladder]

Objective: To investigate the gene mutation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter in inverted urothelial lesions of the bladder and its significance in differential diagnosis. Methods: From March 2016 to February 2022, a total of 32 patients with inverted urothelial lesions diagnosed in Department of Pathology at Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital and 24 patients at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected, including 7 cases of florid glandular cystitis, 13 cases of inverted urothelial papilloma, 8 cases of inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, 17 cases of low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, 5 cases of high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed for their clinical data and histopathological features. TERT promoter mutations were analyzed by Sanger sequencing in all the cases. Results: No mutations in the TERT promoter were found in the florid glandular cystitis and inverted urothelial papilloma. The mutation rates of the TERT promoter in inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low grade non-invasive inverter urothelial carcinoma, high grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma and nested subtype urothelial carcinoma were 1/8, 8/17, 2/5 and 6/6, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mutation rate of TERT promoter among inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential, low-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma, and high-grade non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P>0.05). All 6 cases of nested subtype of urothelial carcinoma were found to harbor the mutation, which was significantly different from inverted urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential and non-invasive inverted urothelial carcinoma (P<0.05). In terms of mutation pattern, 13/17 of TERT promoter mutations were C228T, 4/17 were C250T. Conclusions: The morphology combined with TERT promoter mutation detection is helpful for the differential diagnosis of bladder non-invasive inverted urothelial lesions.

First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf yellow spot on Heteropanax fragrans in China

Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem is a common garden landscape tree in China. In December 2020, a leaf disease on H. fragrans was observed in a 2 ha field in Zhanjiang (20.85° N, 109.28° E), Guangdong province, China. Early symptoms were small yellow spots on leaves. Later, the spots gradually expanded and turned into necrotic tissues with a clear yellow halo and a white center. The disease incidence on plants was 100%. Twenty diseased leaves were collected from the field. The margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces, surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively, and rinsed thrice with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. After 2-day incubation, grayish fungal colonies appeared on the PDA, then pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Single-spore isolation method was used to recover pure cultures for three isolates (HFA-1, HFA-2, and HFA-3). The colonies first produced a light-grayish aerial mycelia, which turned dark grayish upon maturity. Conidiophores were branched. Conidia numbered from two to four in chains, were dark brown, ovoid, or ellipsoid and mostly beakless; had 1-4 transverse and 0-3 longitudinal septa; measured within 7.2-17.8 (average = 10.2) × 2.5-7.5 (average = 4.3) µm (n = 30). Molecular identification was performed using the colony polymerase chain reaction method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) to amplify the large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor (TEF) , and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with NL1/LR3, ITS1/ITS4, EF-1α-F/EF-1α-R, and GDF1/GDR1 (Walther et al. 2013;Woudenberg et al. 2015; Nishikawa and Nakashima. 2020). Amplicons of the isolates were sequenced and submitted to GenBank (LSU, ON088978-ON088980; ITS, MW629797, ON417005 and ON417006; TEF, MW654167, ON497264,and ON497265;GAPDH, MW654166, ON497262,and ON497263). The obtained sequences were 100% identical with those of Alternaria alternata strain CBS 102600 upon BLAST analysis . The sequences were also concatenated for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. The isolates clustered with A. alternata (CBS 102600, CBS 102598, CBS 118814, CBS 918.96,CBS 106.24, CBS 119543, CBS 916.96). The fungus associated with leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans was thus identified as A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse at 24 ℃-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Individual plants were grown in pots (n = 5, 1 month old). The unwounded leaflets were inoculated with 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control). The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 7 days, whereas the controls remained healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected leaves and phenotypically identical to the original isolates to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this report is the first one on A. alternata causing leaf yellow spot on H. fragrans. Thus, this work provides an important reference for the control of this disease in the future.

Pseudocercospora rhododendricola Causing Leaf dark Spot on Rhododendron pulchrum by the first phylogenetic analyses

Rhododendron pulchrum Sweet is a famous ornamental flower in China. In December 2020, a leaf spot disease was observed on cv. Maojuan in Zhanjiang (21.17 N, 110.18 E), Guangdong, China. The spots were irregular and distributed on both sides of the main vein. They were dark to black, and their borders were obvious. The coalescence of the spots eventually led to leaf wilt. The disease incidence was 100% (n = 100, about 50 ha ). Thirty infected leaves were collected from the field, and the margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces. Samples were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively. They were rinsed thrice with sterile water before isolation. The tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. After 5 days, fungal colonies appeared on the PDA. Pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Three isolates (RSP-1, RSP-2, and RSP-3) were obtained and the colonies of isolates were preserved in glycerol (15%) at -80 °C deposited at the Museum of Guangdong Ocean University. The morphology of these three isolates was consistent, and their sequences showed 100% homology according to ITS, TEF1, and ACT analysis results. The colonies grew to approximately 5 cm in diameter after 10 days. They showed olive green with off-white aerial mycelia. Stromata and conidia were observed on leaf lesions. Stromata were olivaceous brown. Conidia were solitary, cylindrical to narrowly obclavate, mildly curved, obtuse to rounded at the apex, and 1- to 3-septate; they had dimensions of 20 to 60 × 2.0 to 3.0 μm (n = 30). These morphological characteristics were not different from the description of Pseudocercospora rhododendricola (J.M. Yen) Deighton (Liu et al. 1998). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and actin (ACT) loci of the isolates using primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, EF1/EF2, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, respectively (White et al., 1990; O'Donnell et al. 1997). The sequences of the isolate RSP-1 were deposited in the GenBank (ITS, MW629798; TEF1, MW654168; and ACT, MW654170). BLAST analysis showed that the sequences of P. rhododendricola were submitted to GenBank for the first time by the author of this paper. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the concatenated data of ITS, TEF1, and ACT sequences from GenBank by the Maximum Likelihood method. The isolates were closest to Pseudocercospora sp. CPC 14711 (Crous et al., 2013). Phylogenetic and morphological analyses identified the isolates as P. rhododendricola. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse at 24 °C-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Healthy cv. Maojuan were grown in pots. Unwounded leaflets were inoculated with 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs of the isolates or agar plugs (as control) (5 leaflets per plant, 3 plants, 2-month-old plants). The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaves after 2 weeks, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected leaves and confirmed as the same isolates by morphological and ITS analyses. P. rhododendricola was the cause of leaf spot of Rhododendron sp. from Singapore (Liu et al., 1998). For the first time, this pathogen was identified by combining phylogenetic and morphological analyses. The sequences in this study would be used as the reference sequences for further studies.

[Observation of human stapes and simulated stapedial lesion based on Micro-CT scanning]

Objective:The aim of this study is to understand the imaging morphology of the humerus morphology and its associated simulated lesions, and to provide information for related research. Method:Six adult cadaveric heads fixed by formaldehyde solution (12 sides of the tibia) were used. One of the cadaveric heads (two sides of the tibia) was perforated and fractured under the microscope.The remaining 5 (10 sides) were used. The humerus was used for morphological measurements of the tibia.The tibia (12 sides) was taken out, Micro-CT scan was performed, and two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstruction were performed using software such as Mimics 17.0 software. Result:①Stapedial morphologic observation:the head,curs and footplate of the stapes and the adjacent structures can be well displayed on two dimensional structures.②Quantitative measurements and statistics: There were no significant statistic differences about the data that had been measured between the right ears and the left ears.③Micro-CT was more clearly in displaying the precise structure of human stapes and the stapedial minute lesion comparing with that of HRCT. Conclusion:Micro-CT can accurately and clearly display the structure, morphology and simulated lesions (model) of the tibia, which provides important reference materials and methods for related research.

LncRNA MALAT1 promotes colorectal cancer development by sponging miR-363-3p to regulate EZH2 expression

LncRNA MALAT1 is reported to play a potential role in human cancers. Hence, we investigated the effects of MALAT1 on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo, and further validated whether MALAT1 affected colorectal cancer development and EZH2 expression via regulating miR-363-3p. The fresh colorectal cancer tissues, adjacent non-tumor tissues, FHC, LOVO, SW620, CL40 and HCT116 cells were analyzed in this study. MALAT1, miR-363-3p and EZH2 expression levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were also measured. Binding effects between MALAT1 and miR-363-3p, or miR-363-3p and EZH2 3'UTR were detected by dual luciferase assay. We observed that MALAT1 was highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and cells, and MALAT1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation as well as expression levels of EZH2 by upregulated miR-363-3p in cell models and in vivo. Moreover, miR-363-3p functions as a downstream target of MALAT1, meanwhile EZH2 was a target of miR-363-3p, suggesting MALAT1 might regulate miR-363-3p and/or EZH2 expression. Collectively, we concluded that MALAT1 functioned as a ceRNA to promote colorectal cancer development and EZH2 expression through sponging miR-363-3p in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of weaning age on cortisol release in piglets

The effect of weaning age on the adrenal cortex, which plays a vital role in the stress response, is currently unknown. Therefore, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels, weights and relative weights of adrenal glands, and steroidogenesis-related protein and enzyme expression levels in piglets weaned on different days were determined. Piglets weaned at 35 days had significantly lower ACTH levels than those weaned at 14 or 21 days, and cortisol levels of piglets weaned at 21, 28, and 35 days were significantly lower than those of piglets weaned on day 14. Adrenal gland weights of piglets weaned at 28 and 35 days and relative adrenal gland weights of piglets weaned at 35 days were significantly lower than those of piglets weaned at 14 days. However, no significant difference was detected in the expression of melanocortin-type 2 receptor mRNA, which is associated with weaning age. Steroidogenic acute-regulatory (StAR) mRNA and cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 mRNA expression levels in piglets weaned at 28 and 35 days were significantly lower than in those weaned at 14 or 21 days, and P450 11β mRNA expression levels in piglets weaned at 28 and 35 days were significantly lower than in those weaned at 14 days. Therefore, early-weaned piglets exhibited increased adrenal gland weights and StAR and steroidogenic enzyme expression, all of which contributed to high cortisol levels. The high plasma ACTH and cortisol levels in early-weaned piglets indicate that these animals would be greatly affected by stress.

Effects of environmental temperature and dietary manganese on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of environmental temperature and dietary Mn on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders. A completely randomized factorial design involved 2 environmental temperatures (a normal temperature, 21 ± 1°C, and a high temperature, 32 ± 1°C) × 3 dietary Mn treatments (a Mn-unsupplemented corn–soybean meal basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 120 mg of Mn/kg of diet as either MnSO4·H2O or manganese proteinate). There were 6 treatments with 6 replicates (4 birds per replicate). High temperature decreased egg weight (P < 0.0001), laying rate (P < 0.0001), egg yield (P < 0.0001), feed intake (P < 0.0001), egg:feed ratio (P < 0.0001), eggshell strength (P < 0.05) and thickness (P < 0.0001), plasma triiodothyronine level (P < 0.05), and alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.04) whereas it increased rectal temperature (P < 0.0001); plasma malondialdehyde level (P < 0.02); and activities (P < 0.002) of lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. Broiler breeders fed the diets supplemented with Mn regardless of source had greater (P < 0.05) eggshell strength and lower (P ≤ 0.05) plasma triiodothyronine level and protein carbonyl content than those fed the control diet. The broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn had greater (P < 0.01) eggshell thickness than those fed the control diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between environmental temperature and dietary Mn in laying rate, egg yield, feed intake, and egg:feed ratio. Under normal temperature, dietary Mn did not affect the above 4 parameters; however, under high temperature, broiler breeders fed the diet supplemented with the organic Mn showed greater (P < 0.03) improvements in these 4 parameters than those fed the control diet. The results from this study indicated that high temperature significantly impaired egg production performance and eggshell quality and induced lipid peroxidation and tissue damage whereas dietary supplementation of either organic or inorganic Mn improved eggshell strength and thermotolerance and reduced protein oxidation and that the organic Mn could alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on egg production performance of broiler breeders at the period of 32 to 45 wk of age.

A case-control study indicates that the TRIB1 gene is associated with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from transformed cells arising in tissues that form the pancreas. To investigate whether the tribbles homolog 1 (Drosophila) gene (TRIB1) is associated with pancreatic cancer in the Chinese Han population, we conducted this case-control study and genotyped 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2980879, rs2980874, and rs2235108) of the TRIB1 gene in 182 patients and 359 normal controls of Chinese Han origin and analyzed their association. The results showed that the rs2980879 polymorphism was associated with pancreatic cancer [allele: P = 0.023434, genotype: P = 0.03005; odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.727788 (0.552664-0.958404)], whereas the rs2980874 polymorphism had no association with pancreatic cancer [allele: P = 0.749885, genotype: P = 0.699533; OR and 95%CI = 1.041981 (0.809196-1.341734)], and the rs2235108 polymorphism was not associated with the disease [allele: P = 0.629475, genotype: P = 0.547534, OR and 95%CI = 1.128290 (0.690829-1.842770)]. Haplotype analyses and linkage disequilibrium tests were also conducted, and the results showed that these 3 loci are not in the same block. In conclusion, our study indicated that the TRIB1 gene is associated with pancreatic cancer. More studies with larger samples are needed in order to support this finding.

Relative bioavailability of iron proteinate for broilers fed a casein-dextrose diet

An experiment was carried out to determine the bioavailability of organic Fe as Fe proteinate (Alltech, Nicholasville, KY) relative to inorganic Fe source (FeSO4•7H2O) for broiler chicks fed a casein-dextrose diet. A total of 448 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 replicate cages (8 chicks per cage) for each of 7 treatments in a completely randomized design involving a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 Fe sources (Fe proteinate and Fe sulfate) and 3 levels of added Fe (10, 20, or 40 mg of Fe/kg) plus a Fe-unsupplemented control diet containing 4.56 mg of Fe/kg by analysis. Feed and distilled-deionized water were available ad libitum for an experimental phase of 14 d. At 14 d of age, blood samples were collected for testing hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit, and calculating total body Hb Fe, whereas liver and kidney samples were excised for Fe analyses. The results showed that ADG, ADFI, blood Hb, hematocrit, and total body Hb Fe and Fe concentrations in liver and kidney increased linearly (P < 0.0001), whereas mortality decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) as dietary Fe level increased. However, only blood Hb concentration and total body Hb Fe differed (P < 0.004) between the 2 Fe sources. Based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regression of Hb concentration and total body Hb Fe on daily intake of analyzed dietary Fe, the bioavailability of Fe proteinate relative to FeSO4•7H2O (100%) was 117 and 114%, respectively (P < 0.009). The results indicated that blood Hb concentration and total body Hb Fe were sensitive indices in reflecting differences in bioavailability among different Fe sources, and Fe proteinate was significantly more available to broilers than inorganic Fe sulfate in enhancing Hb concentration and total body Hb Fe.

Effect of intravenously injected zinc on tissue zinc and metallothionein gene expression of broilers

1. The effect of intravenously injected zinc (Zn) on tissue Zn concentrations and pancreas metallothionein (MT) gene expression in broilers was investigated to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of Zn from different Zn sources. 2. A total of 432 male chickens were randomly allotted on d 22 post-hatch to one of nine treatments in a completely randomised design. Chickens were injected with either a 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution (control) or a saline solution supplemented with Zn sulphate or one of three organic Zn chelates with weak (Zn-AA W), moderate (Zn-Pro M) or strong (Zn-Pro S) chelation strengths at two injected Zn dosages calculated according to two Zn absorbability levels (6 and 12%). 3. Bone and pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations increased on d 6 and 12 after Zn injections as the injected Zn dosages increased. Chickens injected with the Zn-Pro S had lower bone Zn concentration than those injected with the Zn-Pro M or Zn-AA W on d 6 after injections. However, no differences among Zn sources were observed in bone Zn concentration on d 12 after injections, pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations on both d 6 and d 12 after injections. 4. It was concluded that the injected Zn-Pro S was the least favourable for bone Zn utilisation of broilers. The pancreas Zn concentration and pancreas MT gene expressions might not be sensitive enough to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of injected Zn in broilers between organic and inorganic Zn sources or among organic Zn sources.

Estimation of standardized phosphorus retention for corn, soybean meal, and corn-soybean meal diet in broilers

Two experiments were conducted to estimate standardized phosphorus (P) retention (SPR) of corn, soybean meal (SBM), and corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet in broilers and verify the additivity of SPR for feed formulation of broilers. In total, ninety-six 22-d-old male broilers with similar BW were used in each experiment. After 3 d of acclimation, chicks were fasted for 24 h and then fed P-free, corn, SBM, or C-SBM diets, respectively for 4 h in experiment 1 or 72 h in experiment 2. In experiment 1, the results showed that the excreta collection time of 52 h (48 h after feed withdrawal) was adequate for the estimation of SPR. The basal endogenous P loss (EPL) of chicks fed the P-free diet was estimated to be 123±7 mg/52 h per bird. The values of SPR corrected by basal EPL were 37.6 and 50.5% for corn and SBM, respectively. The determined value of SPR of the C-SBM diet was very close (P>0.79) to the predicted summation of SPR from corn and SBM (44.4 vs. 43.5%). In experiment 2, the results showed that the excreta collection time of 96 h (24 h after feed withdrawal) was sufficient for the estimation of SPR. The basal EPL of chicks fed the P-free diet was estimated to be 85.4±4.0 mg/96 h per bird. The values of SPR corrected by basal EPL were 40.2 and 52.9% for corn and SBM, respectively. The determined value of SPR of the C-SBM diet was lower (P<0.001) than the predicted summation of SPR from corn and SBM (39.7 vs. 46.0%), which might be due to the effect of higher total P intake. The results from the current study demonstrated that the P-free diet could be used for measuring basal EPL in broilers and then estimating the SPR values of feedstuffs for broilers. However, the additivity of SPR in the diet formulation needs to be studied further.

Ischemic preconditioning improves rat kidney allograft function after ischemia/reperfusion injury: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the early protection of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and its mechanisms in transplanted rat kidneys.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat donors and recipients were randomly divided into the following groups: sham-operated group (A; n = 6); untreated transplantation group (B; n = 6); and treatment group (C; n = 6). Group A was subjected to exploratory laparotomy. Group B received orthotopic transplantation. Group C underwent a 15-minute period of ischemia followed by a 10-minute reperfusion before orthotopic transplantation. We assessed the serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and to evaluate the degree of kidney graft ischemia/reperfusion injury: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IkappaB kinase-beta (IKK-beta), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) P65 subunit mRNA expressions.

RESULTS

The levels of SCr and BUN in groups C and B were greater than in the sham-operated group (P < .01), but there was no significant difference between the C and B groups at 24 hours after transplantation (P > .05). The degree of renal graft tubular injury in group C was significantly less compared with group B (P < .01). TNF-alpha transcription levels at 24 hours after transplantation were significantly less compared with the non-IPC group (P < .01). However, no significant difference was observed in IKK-beta mRNA and P65 mRNA expressions between groups C and B (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

A 1-cycle schedule of preconditioning (15 min/10 min) attenuated renal graft ischemia/reperfusion injury in the early phase. IPC can improve rat kidney allograft function after ischemia/reperfusion injury. The inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha and on positive feedback signaling of TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB pathways may play important roles in renal graft protection in the early stage.

Role of fascin in the proliferation and invasiveness of esophageal carcinoma cells

Fascin, an actin-bundling protein, induces membrane protrusions and increases cell motility in various transformed cells. The overexpression of fascin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has been described only recently, but the roles and mechanism still remained unclear. Here, by using RNA interference (RNAi), we have stably silenced the expression of the fascin in EC109 cells, an ESCC cell line. Down-regulation of fascin resulted in a suppression of cell proliferation and as well as a decrease in cell invasiveness. Furthermore, we revealed that fascin might have functions in regulating tumor growth in vivo. The effect of fascin on cell invasiveness correlated with the activation of matrix metalloproteases such as MMP-2 and MMP-9. We examined that fascin down-expression also led to a decrease of c-erbB-2 and beta-catenin at the protein level. These results suggested that fascin might play crucial roles in regulating neoplasm progression of ESCC.

Individual differences in utilizing control to cope with job demands: effects on susceptibility to infectious disease

This study examined the interactive effects of job demands, control, and individual characteristics on upper respiratory illnesses and immune function. Having high job control appeared to lessen the linkage between job demands and poor health among individuals with high self-efficacy and those who perceived that they were not often responsible for negative job outcomes. Conversely, having high job control exacerbated the association between job demands and poor health among inefficacious individuals. Implications for promoting more healthful work environments and facilitating employee coping are discussed.