Multicenter evaluation of the addition of eltrombopag to immunosuppressive therapy for adults with severe aplastic anemia

Eltrombopag has been shown to improve response rates when added to standard therapy in adults with severe aplastic anemia in controlled trial settings. However, outcomes in real-world populations have mostly been examined in small retrospective studies. This robust, multicenter, retrospective cohort study across six academic health systems compared outcomes in patients who received immunosuppressive therapy with or without eltrombopag. The study included 82 patients who received front-line therapy from January 2014 to August 2021. Overall response rates at 6 months did not differ significantly for patients receiving eltrombopag versus immunosuppressive therapy alone (58% v. 65%, p = 0.56). However, complete response rates at 6 and 12 months were over two times higher in the eltrombopag arm (29% v. 12%, p = 0.06 and 48% v. 18%, p = 0.005). Rates of hepatotoxicity were similar across both arms. Eltrombopag addition did not impact overall survival (median not reached in either arm at 2 years, p = 0.86) or disease-free survival (median not reached v. 13.3 months at 2 years, p = 0.20). Eltrombopag may not produce as large of a benefit in real-world settings compared to controlled trial settings but may offer patients deeper responses with similar rates of toxicity to immunosuppressive therapy alone.

Results of a pre-implementation analysis of Ethiopia's National Pediatric Cancer Registry

In Ethiopia, cancer accounts for about 5.8% of total national mortality, with an estimated annual incidence of cancer of approximately 60,960 cases and an annual mortality of over 44,000 persons. This is likely an underestimation. Survival rates for pediatric malignancies are likewise suboptimal although exact figures are unknown since a national cancer registry is unavailable. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides recommendations for the creation of cancer registries to track such data. Here we describe our pharmacist-led, pre-implementation assessment of introducing an enhanced national pediatric cancer registry in Ethiopia. Our assessment project had three specific aims around which the methods were designed: 1) characterization of the current spreadsheet-based tool across participating sites, including which variables were being collected, how these variables compared to standards set by the WHO, and a description of how the data were entered and its completeness; 2) assessment of the perceptions of an enhanced registry from hospital staff; and 3) evaluation of workflow gaps regarding documentation. The hospital staff and leadership have generally positive perceptions of an enhanced pediatric cancer registry, which were further improved by our interactions. The workflow assessment revealed several gaps, which were addressed systematically using a three-phase implementation science approach. The assessment also demonstrated that the existing spreadsheet-based tool was missing WHO-recommended variables and had inconsistent completion due to the workflow gaps. A pediatric oncology summary sheet will be implemented in upcoming trips in patient charts to better summarize the patients' journey starting from diagnosis. This document will be used by the data clerks in an enhanced-spreadsheet to have a more complete data set.

Effect of concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam on frequency of acute kidney injury in pediatric patients

PURPOSE

Results of a study of rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric patients treated with vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam or vancomycin plus alternative antipseudomonal β-lactams (APBLs) are reported.

METHODS

A retrospective, single-center cohort study was performed. Pediatric patients were included in the study cohort if they received combination therapy for at least 48 hours, had documented baseline and follow-up serum creatinine levels, and had a documented serum vancomycin trough concentration. The primary outcome was the frequency of AKI, defined as a 50% or greater increase in serum creatinine concentration from baseline or an increase of at least 0.5 mg/dL from baseline. The secondary outcome was time to AKI onset.

RESULTS

A total of 474 patients were included. Among 100 patients who received vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam, the rate of AKI was higher than the rate in the group treated with vancomycin plus alternative APBLs (27% versus 7%, p < 0.0001). The median time to AKI onset was shorter in the piperacillin-tazobactam group versus the alternative APBL group (3.8 versus 7.9 days, p = 0.0065). Patients who were administered piperacillin-tazobactam were almost 6 times as likely to develop AKI (odds ratio [OR], 5.955; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.774-12.784), and patients who had a maximum vancomycin trough concentration greater than 20 mg/L were 7.5 times as likely to develop AKI (OR, 7.552; 95% CI, 3.625-15.734).

CONCLUSION

Pediatric patients treated with concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam had a higher rate of AKI, with faster AKI onset, than those who received vancomycin in combination with other APBLs.

Effects of Dicloxacillin on Warfarin Dose in Patients With a Left Ventricular Assist Device

Patients with a durable, continuous flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) require anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent thromboembolic events. Driveline infections (DLIs) are a common CF-LVAD complication. A common pathogen implicated in DLI is oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (OSSA), which is effectively treated by oral dicloxacillin. Previous published experiences have observed a significant drug interaction between dicloxacillin and warfarin resulting in decreased international normalized ratio (INR) and increased warfarin dosing requirements. We sought to analyze the effect of dicloxacillin on INR and warfarin dose when used for DLI in our CF-LVAD program. Five of 106 patients having received an CF-LVAD at our institution met the inclusion criteria for this case series. These patients required a mean 51.8% (standard deviation of 29.8%) weekly warfarin dose increase to restore INR to the therapeutic range after the addition of dicloxacillin. Three of the five patients subsequently had their dicloxacillin discontinued, with a mean decrease in weekly warfarin dose of 30.6% (standard deviation of 19.1%). In our experience, when coalesced with prior published reports, an empiric warfarin dose increase of 25% to 33% is reasonable upon initiation of dicloxacillin and an empiric warfarin dose reduction of 10% to 15% is recommended upon discontinuation of dicloxacillin. Close INR follow-up is warranted during and after dicloxacillin treatment.

Identifying Shared Values for School-Affiliated Student Organizations

Objective. To identify shared values for student organizations. Methods. A three-round Delphi approach was utilized to identify and prioritize shared values among student organization leadership. In round 1, student leaders selected 15 values from a list of 36 organizational values and were given an opportunity to include up to five suggestions not incorporated within the original list. Student leaders narrowed the 15 values to 12 in round 2. The top 12 priorities were ranked in round 3 and participants were invited to write a brief statement regarding their perspectives of the results. Results. Twelve shared values were identified and ranked: professional development, improving leadership of your members, advancing the role of pharmacy, planning quality events, networking, improving the academic experience for peers, community service, learning from pharmacy shadowing/speakers, social outlet, recruitment/gaining student membership, attracting students to events, and gaining national/local attention or awards. Conclusion. This study contributes to the small but growing body of literature concerning student organizations in pharmacy education and provides a foundation by which this work could be advanced. Given the importance of student organizations in promoting student development, identifying strategies for supporting and facilitating the effectiveness of these groups is critical for optimizing student outcomes and institutional effectiveness.