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Emmerich T, Vasu KS, Niguès A, Keerthi A, Radha B, Siria A, Bocquet L. Enhanced nanofluidic transport in activated carbon nanoconduits. Nat Mater 2022; 21:696-702. [PMID: 35422506 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon has emerged as a unique material in nanofluidics, with reports of fast water transport, molecular ion separation and efficient osmotic energy conversion. Many of these phenomena still await proper rationalization due to the lack of fundamental understanding of nanoscale ionic transport, which can only be achieved in controlled environments. Here we develop the fabrication of 'activated' two-dimensional carbon nanochannels. Compared with nanoconduits with 'pristine' graphite walls, this enables the investigation of nanoscale ionic transport in great detail. We show that activated carbon nanochannels outperform pristine channels by orders of magnitude in terms of surface electrification, ionic conductance, streaming current and (epi-)osmotic currents. A detailed theoretical framework enables us to attribute the enhanced ionic transport across activated carbon nanochannels to an optimal combination of high surface charge and low friction. Furthermore, this demonstrates the unique potential of activated carbon for energy harvesting from salinity gradients with single-pore power density across activated carbon nanochannels, reaching hundreds of kilowatts per square metre, surpassing alternative nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Emmerich
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kalangi S Vasu
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Niguès
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ashok Keerthi
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Boya Radha
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alessandro Siria
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Lydéric Bocquet
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Abraham J, Vasu KS, Williams CD, Gopinadhan K, Su Y, Cherian CT, Dix J, Prestat E, Haigh SJ, Grigorieva IV, Carbone P, Geim AK, R Nair R. Reply to: Random interstratification in hydrated graphene oxide membranes and implications for seawater desalination. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:134-135. [PMID: 35058652 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Abraham
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kalangi S Vasu
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher D Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kalon Gopinadhan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yang Su
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christie T Cherian
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Dix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric Prestat
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Irina V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andre K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rahul R Nair
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Sreepal V, Yagmurcukardes M, Vasu KS, Kelly DJ, Taylor SFR, Kravets VG, Kudrynskyi Z, Kovalyuk ZD, Patanè A, Grigorenko AN, Haigh SJ, Hardacre C, Eaves L, Sahin H, Geim AK, Peeters FM, Nair RR. Two-Dimensional Covalent Crystals by Chemical Conversion of Thin van der Waals Materials. Nano Lett 2019; 19:6475-6481. [PMID: 31426634 PMCID: PMC6814286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studied two-dimensional (2D) materials have been obtained by exfoliation of van der Waals crystals. Recently, there has been growing interest in fabricating synthetic 2D crystals which have no layered bulk analogues. These efforts have been focused mainly on the surface growth of molecules in high vacuum. Here, we report an approach to making 2D crystals of covalent solids by chemical conversion of van der Waals layers. As an example, we used 2D indium selenide (InSe) obtained by exfoliation and converted it by direct fluorination into indium fluoride (InF3), which has a nonlayered, rhombohedral structure and therefore cannot possibly be obtained by exfoliation. The conversion of InSe into InF3 is found to be feasible for thicknesses down to three layers of InSe, and the obtained stable InF3 layers are doped with selenium. We study this new 2D material by optical, electron transport, and Raman measurements and show that it is a semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 2.2 eV, exhibiting high optical transparency across the visible and infrared spectral ranges. We also demonstrate the scalability of our approach by chemical conversion of large-area, thin InSe laminates obtained by liquid exfoliation, into InF3 films. The concept of chemical conversion of cleavable thin van der Waals crystals into covalently bonded noncleavable ones opens exciting prospects for synthesizing a wide variety of novel atomically thin covalent crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sreepal
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Yagmurcukardes
- Department
of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kalangi S. Vasu
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F. R. Taylor
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasyl G. Kravets
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Zakhar Kudrynskyi
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Zakhar D. Kovalyuk
- Institute
for Problems of Materials Science, The National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chernivtsi Branch, Chernivtsi 58001, Ukraine
| | - Amalia Patanè
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander N. Grigorenko
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Eaves
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Sahin
- Department
of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Andre K. Geim
- School of Materials and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Francois M. Peeters
- Department
of Physics, University of Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Rahul R. Nair
- National Graphene Institute and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical
Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Abraham J, Vasu KS, Williams CD, Gopinadhan K, Su Y, Cherian CT, Dix J, Prestat E, Haigh SJ, Grigorieva IV, Carbone P, Geim AK, Nair RR. Tunable sieving of ions using graphene oxide membranes. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:546-550. [PMID: 28369049 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide membranes show exceptional molecular permeation properties, with promise for many applications. However, their use in ion sieving and desalination technologies is limited by a permeation cutoff of ∼9 Å (ref. 4), which is larger than the diameters of hydrated ions of common salts. The cutoff is determined by the interlayer spacing (d) of ∼13.5 Å, typical for graphene oxide laminates that swell in water. Achieving smaller d for the laminates immersed in water has proved to be a challenge. Here, we describe how to control d by physical confinement and achieve accurate and tunable ion sieving. Membranes with d from ∼9.8 Å to 6.4 Å are demonstrated, providing a sieve size smaller than the diameters of hydrated ions. In this regime, ion permeation is found to be thermally activated with energy barriers of ∼10-100 kJ mol-1 depending on d. Importantly, permeation rates decrease exponentially with decreasing sieve size but water transport is weakly affected (by a factor of <2). The latter is attributed to a low barrier for the entry of water molecules and large slip lengths inside graphene capillaries. Building on these findings, we demonstrate a simple scalable method to obtain graphene-based membranes with limited swelling, which exhibit 97% rejection for NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Abraham
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kalangi S Vasu
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christopher D Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kalon Gopinadhan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yang Su
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christie T Cherian
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James Dix
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eric Prestat
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Irina V Grigorieva
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paola Carbone
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Andre K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rahul R Nair
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Sridevi S, Vasu KS, Sampath S, Asokan S, Sood AK. Optical detection of glucose and glycated hemoglobin using etched fiber Bragg gratings coated with functionalized reduced graphene oxide. J Biophotonics 2016; 9:760-9. [PMID: 26266873 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201580156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced optical detection of D-glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) has been established in this study using etched fiber Bragg gratings (eFBG) coated with aminophenylboronic acid (APBA)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The read out, namely the shift in Bragg wavelength (ΔλB ) is highly sensitive to changes that occur due to the adsorption of glucose (or HbA1c ) molecules on the eFBG sensor coated with APBA-RGO complex through a five-membered cyclic ester bond formation between glucose and APBA molecules. A limit of detection of 1 nM is achieved with a linear range of detection from 1 nM to 10 mM in the case of D-glucose detection experiments. For HbA1c , a linear range of detection varying from 86 nM to 0.23 mM is achieved. The observation of only 4 pm (picometer) change in ΔλB even for the 10 mM lactose solution confirms the specificity of the APBA-RGO complex coated eFBG sensors to glucose molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sridevi
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - K S Vasu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - S Sampath
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - S Asokan
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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S S, Vasu KS, Asokan S, Sood AK. Enhanced strain and temperature sensing by reduced graphene oxide coated etched fiber Bragg gratings. Opt Lett 2016; 41:2604-2607. [PMID: 27244425 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports on an etched fiber Bragg grating (eFBG) sensor coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) having enhanced sensitivity for physical parameters such as strain and temperature. The synergetic effect of the changes in grating pitch and refractive index of RGO with change in temperature or strain enhances the shift in Bragg wavelength (λB). The RGO-coated eFBG sensors exhibit a strain sensitivity of 5.5 pm/μϵ (∼5 times that of bare fiber Bragg gratings) and temperature sensitivity of 33 pm/°C (∼3 times that of bare fiber Bragg gratings). The resolutions of ∼1 μϵ and ∼0.3°C have been obtained for strain and temperature respectively, using RGO-coated eFBG sensors.
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Sridevi S, Vasu KS, Asokan S, Sood AK. Sensitive detection of C-reactive protein using optical fiber Bragg gratings. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 65:251-6. [PMID: 25461166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An accurate and highly sensitive sensor platform has been demonstrated for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) using optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). The CRP detection has been carried out by monitoring the shift in Bragg wavelength (ΔλB) of an etched FBG (eFBG) coated with an anti-CRP antibody (aCRP)-graphene oxide (GO) complex. The complex is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. A limit of detection of 0.01mg/L has been achieved with a linear range of detection from 0.01mg/L to 100mg/L which includes clinical range of CRP. The eFBG sensor coated with only aCRP (without GO) show much less sensitivity than that of aCRP-GO complex coated eFBG. The eFBG sensors show high specificity to CRP even in the presence of other interfering factors such as urea, creatinine and glucose. The affinity constant of ∼1.1×10(10)M(-1) has been extracted from the data of normalized shift (ΔλB/λB) as a function of CRP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sridevi
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K S Vasu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - S Asokan
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Arya N, Arora A, Vasu KS, Sood AK, Katti DS. Combination of single walled carbon nanotubes/graphene oxide with paclitaxel: a reactive oxygen species mediated synergism for treatment of lung cancer. Nanoscale 2013; 5:2818-29. [PMID: 23443459 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in tumors has led to the development of combination therapies that enable enhanced cell death. Previously explored combination therapies mostly involved the use of bioactive molecules. In this work, we explored a non-conventional strategy of using carbon nanostructures (CNs) [single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and graphene oxide (GO)] for potentiating the efficacy of a bioactive molecule [paclitaxel (Tx)] for the treatment of lung cancer. The results demonstrated enhanced cell death following combination treatment of SWNT/GO and Tx indicating a synergistic effect. In addition, synergism was abrogated in the presence of an anti-oxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and was therefore shown to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent. It was further demonstrated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay that treatment with CNs was associated with enhanced mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) activation that was ROS mediated. Hence, these results for the first time demonstrated the potential of SWNT/GO as co-therapeutic agents with Tx for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nayak SS, Vasu KS, Kundaje GN, Aroor AR. HDL-cholesterol--a sensitive parameter of hepatic function in infective hepatitis. J Assoc Physicians India 1989; 37:521-3. [PMID: 2621190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HDL-cholesterol was estimated along with other biochemical parameters of hepatic function in infective hepatitis. Infective hepatitis was characterized by significantly decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol. Follow up studies indicated a good correlation of changes in HDL-cholesterol to severity of disease in all the cases whereas standard liver function tests showed equivocal changes in some cases. HDL-cholesterol may serve as a sensitive indicator of hepatic function in infective hepatitis.
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