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Hammad K, Chandra Y, Taito R, Naidu M, Dean A, Samsioni Y, Vukivukiseru M, Ranse J. A Retrospective Observational Study of COVID-19 Mortality at a Referral Hospital in Fiji. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024:10105395241244461. [PMID: 38577733 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241244461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hammad
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Development, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rigamoto Taito
- Fiji Ministry of Health & Medical Services, Toorak, Fiji
| | - Manisha Naidu
- Fiji Ministry of Health & Medical Services, Toorak, Fiji
| | - Ayesha Dean
- Fiji Ministry of Health & Medical Services, Toorak, Fiji
| | | | | | - Jamie Ranse
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Labrague LJ, Hammad K. Disaster preparedness among nurses in disaster-prone countries: A systematic review. Australas Emerg Care 2023:S2588-994X(23)00070-2. [PMID: 37778913 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disaster preparedness is crucial for mitigating the impact of disasters and saving lives. Ensuring preparedness for disaster response and management, particularly among nurses in disaster-prone countries, is essential due to the serious threats disasters pose to affected populations. This study was conducted to appraise and synthesize the literature examining preparedness for disaster management and response among nurses in countries with the highest disaster risks. METHODS A systematic review of the literature published from 2000 onwards was conducted using five databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL. Twenty-one relevant articles were identified for this review. RESULTS The findings revealed that nurses in countries at high risk of disasters had inadequate disaster knowledge and skills, leaving them ill-prepared to respond to such situations. Previous experience in disaster relief, disaster-related education and training, and higher academic qualifications were associated with increased readiness for disaster response and management. CONCLUSION The review's findings provide insight into the current state of disaster preparedness among nurses in disaster-prone nations. The review identified evidence highlighting the value of disaster-related education and training, as well as disaster response experience, in fostering preparedness among nurses. These results can inform policymakers, hospital administrators, and nurse administrators in developing strategies for promoting disaster preparedness in nurses through evidence-based training programs and interventions.
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Dorj G, Martinez EM, Hammad K, Kabethymer BG, Mahmoud N. Ensuring access to novel COVID-19 therapeutics in Pacific island countries and areas. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2023; 14:1-7. [PMID: 37475780 PMCID: PMC10354403 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2023.14.2.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Problem As of November 2022, over 417 397 confirmed cases and 2631 deaths related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reported in Pacific island countries and areas (PICs). Most PICs have faced challenges accessing therapeutics recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their high demand worldwide and supply chain constraints. Context The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates and provides tailored technical and operational support to 21 PICs. Since the start of the pandemic, WHO has worked with partners to establish a mechanism to ensure equitable access to three novel COVID-19 therapeutics (tocilizumab, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) for lower-income countries, including 11 eligible PICs. Action WHO coordinated the requests, procurement and distribution of the three novel therapeutics. In addition, WHO supported PICs by providing trainings in clinical management of COVID-19, developing critical supply needs estimates, and facilitating regulatory approval of clinical therapeutics, including emergency use authorization. Lessons learned The main barriers to procurement of novel COVID-19 therapeutics were identified as prolonged negotiations with licence holders, sourcing funding, the high cost of therapeutics and limited capacity to provide safety monitoring. Discussion Uninterrupted supply and availability of essential medicines in the Pacific region is dependent on external and local sourcing. To overcome procurement barriers and ensure access to novel COVID-19 therapeutics in PICs, WHO's pandemic support to Member States focused on strengthening regulatory requirements, safety monitoring and supply chain activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gereltuya Dorj
- World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support, Suva, Fiji
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eva Mata Martinez
- World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support, Suva, Fiji
| | - Karen Hammad
- World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support, Suva, Fiji
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Nuha Mahmoud
- World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support, Suva, Fiji
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Hammad K, Casey S, Taito R, Demas SW, Joshi M, Rita R, Maisema A. Implementation and use of a national electronic dashboard to guide COVID-19 clinical management in Fiji. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2023; 14:01-7. [PMID: 36936727 PMCID: PMC10017918 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2023.14.5.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Problem From April to September 2021, Fiji experienced a second wave of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) precipitated by the Delta variant of concern, prompting a need to strengthen existing data management of positive COVID-19 cases. Context With COVID-19 cases peaking at 1405 a day and many hospital admissions, the need to develop a better way to visualize data became clear. Action The Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs collaborated to develop an online clinical dashboard to support better visualization of case management data. Outcome The dashboard was used across Fiji at national, divisional and local levels for COVID-19 management. At the national level, it provided real-time reports describing the surge pattern, severity and management of COVID-19 cases across the country during daily incident management team meetings. At the divisional level, it gave the divisional directors access to timely information about hospital and community isolation of cases. At the hospital level, the dashboard allowed managers to monitor trends in isolated cases and use of oxygen resources. Discussion The dashboard replaced previous paper-based reporting of statistics with delivery of trends and real-time data. The team that developed the tool were situated in different locations and did not meet physically, demonstrating the ease of implementing this online tool in a resource-constrained setting. The dashboard is easy to use and could be used in other Pacific island countries and areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hammad
- World Health Organization Division of
Pacific Technical Support, Suva,
Fiji
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith
University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences,
Flinders University, Adelaide, South
Australia, Australia
| | - Sean Casey
- World Health Organization Regional
Office for the Western Pacific, Manila,
Philippines
- School of Population Health, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia
| | - Rigamoto Taito
- Lautoka Hospital, Lautoka,
Fiji
- Ministry of Health and Medical
Services, Suva,
Fiji
| | - Sara W Demas
- World Health Organization Division of
Pacific Technical Support, Suva,
Fiji
| | - Mohita Joshi
- Office of the Pacific Islands, United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,
Suva, Fiji
| | - Rashmi Rita
- Office of the Pacific Islands, United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,
Suva, Fiji
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Brewer CA, Ranse J, Hammad K, Hutton A. Experiences of rural and remote nurses during and following disasters: a scoping review. Rural Remote Health 2022; 22:7230. [PMID: 36315959 DOI: 10.22605/rrh7230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rural and remote nurses are often involved in disaster response. These nurses are faced with unique challenges in their daily practice due to geographical isolation and reduced resources. Nurses' roles and experiences in times of disaster have been discussed in the past; however, in the setting of rural and remote areas it remains largely underreported. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the literature regarding the experiences of rural and remote nurses during and following disasters. Disasters affect all areas of the world. METHODS This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework for scoping reviews. Electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, Joanna Briggs Institute and Embase were searched. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used to guide the reporting of this review. Key concepts and themes were identified using Braun and Clarke's six-step framework for thematic analysis. RESULTS Eight articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Themes that were identified included disaster roles, pre-disaster preparations, psychological and emotional states, and community involvement and relationships. CONCLUSION Minimal literature exists that explores what rural and remote nurses experience in times of disaster. In this review, the experience of rural and remote nurses included the relationships between their personal and professional obligations and their influence on nurses' ability to respond to disasters. Further research is required in this domain to better understand the phenomena and address knowledge gaps that exist in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Anne Brewer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Hammad
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Hutton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia; and School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins, Maryland, USA
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Carrington MA, Ranse J, Hammad K. The impact of disasters on emergency department resources: review against the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. Australas Emerg Care 2020; 24:55-60. [PMID: 33032978 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency departments (EDs) are often first to feel the intra-hospital effects of disasters. Compromised care standards during disasters eventuate from increased demands on health resources; the facilities, supplies, equipment and manpower imperative for a functioning healthcare facility. Emergency departments must understand the effect of disasters on their health resources. This paper examines the impact on resources within the ED as a result of a disaster and provides a review against the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 priorities. METHOD An integrative literature review design was utilised. Articles were extracted from databases and search engines. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines for systematic literature reviews were used. RESULTS Seven papers met inclusion criteria. Disaster consumable stocking was used to mitigate disaster risk and improve resilience. Logistical challenges were exacerbated by poor building design. Ineffective human resource management, communications failure, insufficient ED space, diminished equipment and supplies and unreliable emergency power sources were described. CONCLUSIONS Disaster planning and preparedness strategies can address health resource deficits, increasing ED resilience. Further retrospective case studies are required to greater understand the effects of disasters on ED health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Carrington
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jamie Ranse
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Hammad
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Torrens Resilience Institute, Australia
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Giles TM, Hammad K, Breaden K, Drummond C, Bradley SL, Gerace A, Muir-Cochrane E. Nurses' perceptions and experiences of caring for patients who die in the emergency department setting. Int Emerg Nurs 2019; 47:100789. [PMID: 31495727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2019.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of people dying in emergency departments (EDs) is increasing. However, EDs are not well designed or resourced for safe and effective End-Of-Life (EOL) care encounters, and there is little evidence regarding clinicians' perceptions and experiences of providing such care when the death is sudden and unexpected. AIM This study explored nurses' perceptions and experiences of caring for patients who die suddenly and unexpectedly in the ED. METHODS Open-end responses were collected as part of a larger descriptive survey design. The qualitative data were analysed thematically. RESULTS 211 ED nurse completed the online survey. Within the qualitative data, five themes were identified during analysis: 1) key elements of EOL care, 2) systemic and environmental barriers, 3) educational deficits, 4) role ambiguity, and 5) emotional impact. Participants identified communication, a standardised approach, and better educational preparedness as the most important elements of EOL care when the death was sudden and unexpected. CONCLUSIONS ED nurses want to provide high quality care to dying patients and their families. However, their efforts are hampered by systemic and environmental barriers outside their control. There is a need for a culture shift to overcome the barriers that currently obstruct ED nurses from providing meaningful and effective EOL care in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Giles
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Hammad
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katrina Breaden
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Christine Drummond
- Central Adelaide Palliative Services, Woodville, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra L Bradley
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Gerace
- CQ University, Wayville, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eimear Muir-Cochrane
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hammad K, Peng L, Anikeeva O, Arbon P, Du H, Li Y. Emergency nurses’ knowledge and experience with the triage process in Hunan Province, China. Int Emerg Nurs 2017; 35:25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Labrague LJ, Hammad K, Gloe DS, McEnroe-Petitte DM, Fronda DC, Obeidat AA, Leocadio MC, Cayaban AR, Mirafuentes EC. Disaster preparedness among nurses: a systematic review of literature. Int Nurs Rev 2017; 65:41-53. [PMID: 28295314 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This review explored peer-reviewed publications that measure nurses' preparedness for disaster response. BACKGROUND The increasing frequency of disasters worldwide necessitates nurses to adequately prepare to respond to disasters to mitigate the negative consequences of the event on the affected population. Despite growing initiatives to prepare nurses for any disasters, evidence suggests they are under prepared for disaster response. METHODS This is a systematic review of scientific articles conducted from 2006 to 2016 on nurses' preparedness for disasters. SCOPUS, MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and PsychINFO were the primary databases utilized for search of literature. Keywords used in this review were as follows: 'emergency', 'disaster', 'disaster preparedness', 'disaster competencies', 'disaster nursing', 'disaster role' and 'nurse'. Seventeen (17) articles were selected for this review. FINDINGS Factors that increase preparedness for disaster response include previous disaster response experience and disaster-related training. However, it is widely reported that nurses are insufficiently prepared and do not feel confident responding effectively to disasters. CONCLUSION The findings of this review contribute to a growing body of knowledge regarding disaster preparedness in nurses and have implications for academia, hospital administration and nursing educators. The findings of this review provide evidence that could be used by nurse educators and nurse administrators to better prepare nurses for disaster response. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY The findings from this review place an emphasis on hospitals to implement policies to address lack of preparedness among their employees. Furthermore, this review highlights the benefit of further research and provision of well-grounded disaster exercises that mimic actual events to enhance the preparedness of the nursing workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Labrague
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - K Hammad
- Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D S Gloe
- Southwest Baptist University, Bolivar, MO, USA
| | | | - D C Fronda
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - A A Obeidat
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - M C Leocadio
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - A R Cayaban
- Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Peng L, Hammad K. Current status of emergency department triage in mainland China: A narrative review of the literature. Nurs Health Sci 2014; 17:148-58. [PMID: 25196171 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the current status of emergency department triage in mainland China is explored, with the purpose of generating a deeper understanding of the topic. Literature was identified through electronic databases, and was included for review if published between 2002 and 2012, included significant discussion of daily emergency department triage in mainland China, was peer reviewed, and published in English or Chinese. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes which emerged from the reviewed literature. This resulted in 21 articles included for review. Four themes emerged from the review: triage process, triage training, qualification of triage nurses, and quality of triage. The review demonstrates that there is currently not a unified approach to emergency department triage in mainland China. Additionally, there are limitations in triage training for nurses and confusion around the role of triage nurses. This review highlights that emergency department triage in mainland China is still in its infancy and that more research is needed to further develop the role of triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan province, China
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Abstract
Background: In disaster situations, nurses may face new and unfamiliar ethical and legal challenges not common in their everyday practice. Research question/objectives/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to explore Iranian nurses’ experience of disaster response and their perception of the competencies required by nurses in this environment. Research design: This article discusses the findings of a descriptive study conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants and research context: This research was conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants included 35 nurses who had experience in healthcare delivery following a disaster event in the past 10 years, either in a hospital or out-of-hospital context. Ethical considerations: This research study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Findings: From this study, five themes emerged as areas that nurses require competence in to work effectively in the disaster setting. This article focusses on one theme, the ethical and legal issues that arise during disaster response. Within the theme of ethical and legal issues, two sub-themes emerged. (1) Professional ethics explores professional responsibility of nurses as well as sense of ethical obligation. (2) Adherence to law refers to nurses’ familiarity with and observation of legal requirements. Discussion: This article adds to a growing pool of literature which explores the role of nurses in disasters. The findings of this study emphasize the need for nurses working in the disaster setting to be aware of professional responsibilities and familiar with legal requirements and the challenges related to observing ethical responsibilities. Conclusion: In highlighting these issues, this article may provide a useful starting point for the development of an educational framework for preparing nurses and other health professionals to work in the disaster setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aliakbari
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Masoud Bahrami
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fereshteh Aein
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Arbon P, Cusack L, Ranse J, Shaban RZ, Considine J, Kako M, Woodman RJ, Mitchell B, Bahnisch L, Hammad K. Exploring staff willingness to attend work during a disaster: A study of nurses employed in four Australian emergency departments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 16:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aenj.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arbon P, Ranse J, Cusack L, Considine J, Shaban RZ, Woodman RJ, Bahnisch L, Kako M, Hammad K, Mitchell B. Australasian emergency nurses’ willingness to attend work in a disaster: A survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 16:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aenj.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:95-104. [PMID: 22149618 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Natural disasters may lead to infectious disease outbreaks when they result in substantial population displacement and exacerbate synergic risk factors (change in the environment, in human conditions and in the vulnerability to existing pathogens) for disease transmission. We reviewed risk factors and potential infectious diseases resulting from prolonged secondary effects of major natural disasters that occurred from 2000 to 2011. Natural disasters including floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, tropical cyclones (e.g., hurricanes and typhoons) and tornadoes have been secondarily described with the following infectious diseases including diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, malaria, leptospirosis, measles, dengue fever, viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, meningitis, as well as tetanus and cutaneous mucormycosis. Risk assessment is essential in post-disaster situations and the rapid implementation of control measures through re-establishment and improvement of primary healthcare delivery should be given high priority, especially in the absence of pre-disaster surveillance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidore K Kouadio
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, UKM Hospital Complex, Jalan Jaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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