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Sung CH, Pilla R, Chen CC, Ishii PE, Toresson L, Allenspach-Jorn K, Jergens AE, Summers S, Swanson KS, Volk H, Schmidt T, Stuebing H, Rieder J, Busch K, Werner M, Lisjak A, Gaschen FP, Belchik SE, Tolbert MK, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Correlation between Targeted qPCR Assays and Untargeted DNA Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing for Assessing the Fecal Microbiota in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2597. [PMID: 37627387 PMCID: PMC10451198 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA shotgun sequencing is an untargeted approach for identifying changes in relative abundances, while qPCR allows reproducible quantification of specific bacteria. The canine dysbiosis index (DI) assesses the canine fecal microbiota by using a mathematical algorithm based on qPCR results. We evaluated the correlation between qPCR and shotgun sequencing using fecal samples from 296 dogs with different clinical phenotypes. While significant correlations were found between qPCR and sequencing, certain taxa were only detectable by qPCR and not by sequencing. Based on sequencing, less than 2% of bacterial species (17/1190) were consistently present in all healthy dogs (n = 76). Dogs with an abnormal DI had lower alpha-diversity compared to dogs with normal DI. Increases in the DI correctly predicted the gradual shifts in microbiota observed by sequencing: minor changes (R = 0.19, DI < 0 with any targeted taxa outside the reference interval, RI), mild-moderate changes (R = 0.24, 0 < DI < 2), and significant dysbiosis (R = 0.54, 0.73, and 0.91 for DI > 2, DI > 5, and DI > 8, respectively), compared to dogs with a normal DI (DI < 0, all targets within the RI), as higher R-values indicated larger dissimilarities. In conclusion, the qPCR-based DI is an effective indicator of overall microbiota shifts observed by shotgun sequencing in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Chih-Chun Chen
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Patricia Eri Ishii
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Linda Toresson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, 25466 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Allenspach-Jorn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Stacie Summers
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Holger Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30545 Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30545 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helene Stuebing
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Rieder
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30545 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Lisjak
- Small Animal Clinic of Veterinary Faculty Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frederic P. Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sara E. Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - M. Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-H.S.)
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Klinedinst BS, Pappas C, Le S, Yu S, Wang Q, Wang L, Allenspach-Jorn K, Mochel JP, Willette AA. Aging-related changes in fluid intelligence, muscle and adipose mass, and sex-specific immunologic mediation: A longitudinal UK Biobank study. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:396-405. [PMID: 31513875 PMCID: PMC7755032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in midlife and early late-life is associated with worse normal cognitive aging. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) suggests that visceral adipose mass (VAM) plays a predominant role, whereas non-visceral adipose mass (NVAM) and lean muscle mass (LMM) have shown conflicting relationships. It is unknown how longitudinal, cognitive changes in age-sensitive domains like fluid intelligence (FI) correspond to VAM, NVAM, and LMM in women and men. Furthermore, changes over time in blood leukocyte sub-populations may partially or fully account for sex-specific associations. METHODS Data on 4431 late middle-aged, cognitively unimpaired adults (mean = 64.5 y) was obtained from the UK Biobank prospective cohort across 22 centers. FI scores, blood leukocyte counts, and covariates (age, social class, education) were measured at three 2-year intervals over 6 years. DEXA collection overlapped with these intervals. Sex-stratified growth curves, structural equations, and Preacher-Hayes mediation were used to estimate direct and indirect effects. β-weights were standardized. RESULTS More LMM predicted gains in FI scores among women (β = 0.130, p < .001) and men (β = 0.089, p < .001). Conversely, more VAM and NVAM independently predicted FI decline equally among sexes (e.g., NVAM: women: β = -0.082, p < .001; men: β = -0.076, p < .001). Among women, FI associations were fully mediated by higher eosinophil counts via VAM (λ = 30.8%, p = .028) and lower lymphocyte counts via LMM (λ = 69.2%, p = .021). Among men, FI associations were partially mediated by lower basophils counts via LMM (λ = 4.5%, p = .042) and higher counts via VAM (λ = 50%, p = .037). CONCLUSION The proportion of LMM and VAM equally influenced male FI changes over 6 years, whereas higher LMM among women appeared to more strongly influence. FI changes. Leukocyte counts strongly mediated VAM- and LMM-related FI changes in a sex-specific manner, but not for NVAM. For clinical translation, exercise studies in older adults may benefit from assessing sex-specific values of DEXA-based tissue mass, FI, and leukocyte sub-populations to gauge potential cognitive benefits of less VAM and more LMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Klinedinst
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Colleen Pappas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Scott Le
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Auriel A. Willette
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA,Send Correspondence to: Auriel A. Willette, 1109 HNSB, 2302 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1078, Phone: (515) 294-3110,
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