1
|
Gomez‐Galeno J, Okolotowicz K, Johnson M, McKeithan WL, Mercola M, Cashman JR. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Cardiovascular properties and metabolism and pharmacokinetics of deuterated mexiletine analogs. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00828. [PMID: 34327875 PMCID: PMC8322572 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolongation of the cardiac action potential (AP) and early after depolarizations (EADs) are electrical anomalies of cardiomyocytes that can lead to lethal arrhythmias and are potential liabilities for existing drugs and drug candidates in development. For example, long QT syndrome-3 (LQTS3) is caused by mutations in the Nav 1.5 sodium channel that debilitate channel inactivation and cause arrhythmias. We tested the hypothesis that a useful drug (i.e., mexiletine) with potential liabilities (i.e., potassium channel inhibition and adverse reactions) could be re-engineered by dynamic medicinal chemistry to afford a new drug candidate with greater efficacy and less toxicity. Human cardiomyocytes were generated from LQTS3 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) and normal hIPSCs to determine beneficial (on-target) and detrimental effects (off-target) of mexiletine and synthetic analogs, respectively. The approach combined "drug discovery" and "hit to lead" refinement and showed that iterations of medicinal chemistry and physiological testing afforded optimized compound 22. Compared to mexiletine, compound 22 showed a 1.85-fold greater AUC and no detectable CNS toxicity at 100 mg/kg. In vitro hepatic metabolism studies showed that 22 was metabolized via cytochrome P-450, as previously shown, and by the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). Deuterated-22 showed decreased metabolism and showed acceptable cardiovascular and physicochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Okolotowicz
- Department of MedicineCardiovascular InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Human BioMolecular Research InstituteSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Wesley L. McKeithan
- Department of MedicineCardiovascular InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Department of MedicineCardiovascular InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson M, Gomez-Galeno J, Ryan D, Okolotowicz K, McKeithan WL, Sampson KJ, Kass RS, Mercola M, Cashman JR. Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and pyridyl-phenyl mexiletine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 46:128162. [PMID: 34062251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, approximately one million individuals are hospitalized every year for arrhythmias, making arrhythmias one of the top causes of healthcare expenditures. Mexiletine is currently used as an antiarrhythmic drug but has limitations. The purpose of this work was to use normal and Long QT syndrome Type 3 (LQTS3) patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes to identify an analog of mexiletine with superior drug-like properties. Compared to racemic mexiletine, medicinal chemistry optimization of substituted racemic pyridyl phenyl mexiletine analogs resulted in a more potent sodium channel inhibitor with greater selectivity for the sodium over the potassium channel and for late over peak sodium current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Johnson
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Dr. Suite B, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jorge Gomez-Galeno
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Dr. Suite B, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Daniel Ryan
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Dr. Suite B, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Karl Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Dr. Suite B, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wesley L McKeithan
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin J Sampson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert S Kass
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Dr. Suite B, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng J, Tsuda M, Okolotowicz K, Dwyer M, Bushway PJ, Colas AR, Lancman JJ, Schade D, Perea-Gil I, Bruyneel AAN, Lee J, Vadgama N, Quach J, McKeithan WL, Biechele TL, Wu JC, Moon RT, Si Dong PD, Karakikes I, Cashman JR, Mercola M. Small-molecule probe reveals a kinase cascade that links stress signaling to TCF/LEF and Wnt responsiveness. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:625-635.e5. [PMID: 33503403 PMCID: PMC8140986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays a central role in tissue maintenance and cancer. Wnt activates downstream genes through β-catenin, which interacts with TCF/LEF transcription factors. A major question is how this signaling is coordinated relative to tissue organization and renewal. We used a recently described class of small molecules that binds tubulin to reveal a molecular cascade linking stress signaling through ATM, HIPK2, and p53 to the regulation of TCF/LEF transcriptional activity. These data suggest a mechanism by which mitotic and genotoxic stress can indirectly modulate Wnt responsiveness to exert coherent control over cell shape and renewal. These findings have implications for understanding tissue morphogenesis and small-molecule anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjia Cheng
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Masanao Tsuda
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karl Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mary Dwyer
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Paul J Bushway
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandre R Colas
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis Schade
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, Kiel, Germany
| | - Isaac Perea-Gil
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arne A N Bruyneel
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaechol Lee
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nirmal Vadgama
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justine Quach
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wesley L McKeithan
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Travis L Biechele
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ioannis Karakikes
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - John R Cashman
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cashman JR, Ryan D, McKeithan WL, Okolotowicz K, Gomez-Galeno J, Johnson M, Sampson KJ, Kass RS, Pezhouman A, Karagueuzian HS, Mercola M. Antiarrhythmic Hit to Lead Refinement in a Dish Using Patient-Derived iPSC Cardiomyocytes. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5384-5403. [PMID: 33942619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular cardiac arrhythmia (VA) arises in acquired or congenital heart disease. Long QT syndrome type-3 (LQT3) is a congenital form of VA caused by cardiac sodium channel (INaL) SCN5A mutations that prolongs cardiac action potential (AP) and enhances INaL current. Mexiletine inhibits INaL and shortens the QT interval in LQT3 patients. Above therapeutic doses, mexiletine prolongs the cardiac AP. We explored structure-activity relationships (SAR) for AP shortening and prolongation using dynamic medicinal chemistry and AP kinetics in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Using patient-derived LQT3 and healthy hiPSC-CMs, we resolved distinct SAR for AP shortening and prolongation effects in mexiletine analogues and synthesized new analogues with enhanced potency and selectivity for INaL. This resulted in compounds with decreased AP prolongation effects, increased metabolic stability, increased INaL selectivity, and decreased avidity for the potassium channel. This study highlights using hiPSC-CMs to guide medicinal chemistry and "drug development in a dish".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel Ryan
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wesley L McKeithan
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Karl Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jorge Gomez-Galeno
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin J Sampson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Robert S Kass
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Arash Pezhouman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hrayr S Karagueuzian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mark Mercola
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schade D, Lanier M, Willems E, Okolotowicz K, Bushway P, Wahlquist C, Gilley C, Mercola M, Cashman JR. Synthesis and SAR of b-annulated 1,4-dihydropyridines define cardiomyogenic compounds as novel inhibitors of TGFβ signaling. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9946-57. [PMID: 23130626 DOI: 10.1021/jm301144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A medium-throughput murine embryonic stem cell (mESC)-based high-content screening of 17000 small molecules for cardiogenesis led to the identification of a b-annulated 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) that inhibited transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Smad signaling by clearing the type II TGFβ receptor from the cell surface. Because this is an unprecedented mechanism of action, we explored the series' structure-activity relationship (SAR) based on TGFβ inhibition, and evaluated SAR aspects for cell-surface clearance of TGFβ receptor II (TGFBR2) and for biological activity in mESCs. We determined a pharmacophore and generated 1,4-DHPs with IC(50)s for TGFβ inhibition in the nanomolar range (e.g., compound 28, 170 nM). Stereochemical consequences of a chiral center at the 4-position was evaluated, revealing 10- to 15-fold more potent TGFβ inhibition for the (+)- than the (-) enantiomer. This stereopreference was not observed for the low level inhibition against Activin A signaling and was reversed for effects on calcium handling in HL-1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121-2804, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cashman JR, Okolotowicz K, Cerny M, Johnson R, Janowsky A, Azar MR. Substituted heteroaromatic compounds: effect on nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:637-48. [PMID: 22218454 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Certain compounds that nonselectively inhibit a prominent human nicotine-metabolizing enzyme (i.e., human cytochrome P-450 2A6, hCYP 2A6) showed inhibition of smoking in humans. However, a comprehensive examination of hCYP 2A6 inhibitors to decrease nicotine self-administration in rats has not been reported. OBJECTIVES We tested substituted heteroaromatic compounds designed to selectively inhibit hCYP 2A6 in a model system to (a) examine selective hCYP 2A6 inhibitors to decrease cotinine formation in vivo in rats administered with nicotine and (b) examine their efficacy to decrease nicotine self-administration in rats. METHODS Rats were trained to IV self-administer nicotine in 1-h sessions. Nicotine self-administration was carried out at a unit dose of 0.03 mg/kg/infusion in 0.1 ml/s. Pretreatment with substituted heteroaromatic test compounds (0.5-25 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min prior to nicotine self-administration sessions) resulted in dose-dependent decreases of nicotine self-administration. Using operant conditioning techniques, nicotine- vs. food-reinforced responding was evaluated for compounds 10 and 11. RESULTS Compounds 10 and 11 selectively decreased nicotine self-administration with estimated ED(50) values 4 and 2.8 mg/kg, respectively. Of the test compounds examined, none showed significant affinity for mammalian α4β2- or α7-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) receptors and none were inhibitors of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT); thus, neither the endogenous nAChRs nor DAT apparently plays a role in decreasing nicotine self-administration for this series of compounds. CONCLUSION The results indicate that chemical analogs of nicotine can play a role in nicotine self-administration harm reduction but a non-nAChR and a non-hDAT mechanism are likely involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barakat NH, Zheng X, Gilley CB, MacDonald M, Okolotowicz K, Cashman JR, Vyas S, Beck JM, Hadad CM, Zhang J. Chemical synthesis of two series of nerve agent model compounds and their stereoselective interaction with human acetylcholinesterase and human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1669-79. [PMID: 19715346 DOI: 10.1021/tx900096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both G and V type nerve agents possess a center of chirality about phosphorus. The S(p) enantiomers are generally more potent inhibitors than their R(p) counterparts toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). To develop model compounds with defined centers of chirality that mimic the target nerve agent structures, we synthesized both the S(p) and the R(p) stereoisomers of two series of G type nerve agent model compounds in enantiomerically enriched form. The two series of model compounds contained identical substituents on the phosphorus as the G type agents, except that thiomethyl (CH(3)-S-) and thiocholine [(CH(3))(3)NCH(2)CH(2)-S-] groups were used to replace the traditional nerve agent leaving groups (i.e., fluoro for GB, GF, and GD and cyano for GA). Inhibition kinetic studies of the thiomethyl- and thiocholine-substituted series of nerve agent model compounds revealed that the S(p) enantiomers of both series of compounds showed greater inhibition potency toward AChE and BChE. The level of stereoselectivity, as indicated by the ratio of the bimolecular inhibition rate constants between S(p) and R(p) enantiomers, was greatest for the GF model compounds in both series. The thiocholine analogues were much more potent than the corresponding thiomethyl analogues. With the exception of the GA model compounds, both series showed greater potency against AChE than BChE. The stereoselectivity (i.e., S(p) > R(p)), enzyme selectivity, and dynamic range of inhibition potency contributed from these two series of compounds suggest that the combined application of these model compounds will provide useful research tools for understanding interactions of nerve agents with cholinesterase and other enzymes involved in nerve agent and organophosphate pharmacology. The potential of and limitations for using these model compounds in the development of biological therapeutics against nerve agent toxicity are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora H Barakat
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng X, Okolotowicz K, Wang B, Macdonald M, Cashman JR, Zhang J. Direct detection of the hydrolysis of nerve agent model compounds using a fluorescent probe. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:330-4. [PMID: 20097185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents are highly toxic organophosphorus compounds (OPs) that are used as chemical warfare agents. Developing a catalytic bioscavenger to efficiently detoxify nerve agents in the bloodstream of affected individuals has been recognized as an attractive approach to prevent nerve agent toxicity. However, the search for nerve agent catalysts has been hindered by the lack of efficient direct assays for nerve agent hydrolysis. In addition, authentic nerve agents are restricted and access to use for experiments by the general research community is prohibited. Herein we report development of a method that combines use of novel nerve agent model compounds possessing a thiocholine leaving group that reacts with the fluorescent thio-detection probe, BES-Thio, to afford detection of sub-micromolar amounts of nerve agent model compounds hydrolysis products. The detection sensitivity of BES-Thio assay was approximately 10 times better than the Ellman assay. This developed method is useful as a direct, sensitive screening method for evaluating OP hydrolysis efficiency from catalytic cholinesterases. When the assay was assembled in the presence of oxime, OP-inhibited cholinesterases that were able to be reactivated by specific oxime showed oxime-assisted enzyme-mediated OP hydrolysis. Therefore, this method is also useful to screen oxime analogs to identify novel agents that can reactivate OP-inhibited cholinesterases or to screen various enzymes to identify pseudo-catalytic bioscavengers that can be readily reactivated by clinically approved oximes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zheng
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|