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Yaamika H, Muralidas D, Elumalai K. Review of adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccines, highlighting their frequencies and reported cases. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:1646-1661. [PMID: 37732332 PMCID: PMC10507236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the immunological and autoimmune adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccines, highlighting their frequencies, reported cases, and associations with specific vaccine classes. The concept of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is crucial in addressing vaccine skepticism. Understanding this concept helps healthcare professionals identify and manage potential adverse events after vaccination. Despite their rarity, immunological and autoimmune adverse events cause concern and anxiety among the public. To maintain public trust in vaccination programs, healthcare professionals and public health agencies must actively monitor and address these adverse events, promptly disclose suspicious incidents, take measures to mitigate dangers, and inform the public with transparency and accurate information. Continuing research and surveillance are essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms of these adverse events and developing strategies to minimize their occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Yaamika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Divya Muralidas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Rajangam J, Lakshmanan AP, Palei NN, Elumalai K, Kotakonda M, Prakash R, Latha P. Differential Pharmacokinetic Interplay of Atorvastatin on Lacosamide and Levetiracetam on Experimental Convulsions in Mice. Curr Drug Metab 2023; 24:645-655. [PMID: 37921161 DOI: 10.2174/0113892002253895231020100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of statins, other than their hypocholesterolemia role, have been well documented, however, their use as an adjuvant drug with other antiseizure drugs, in the treatment of epilepsy is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the symbiotic effect of ATOR along with either lacosamide (LACO) or levetiracetam (LEVE) on experimentally induced epilepsy (Maximal electro-shock-MES or pentylenetetrazol- PTZ) in mice models. METHODS Conventional elevated-maze (EPM) and rotarod methods were performed to observe the behavioral effects. RESULTS In both the animal models, we found that co-administration of ATOR along with LACO showed a significant reduction in hind-limb extension (HLE) and clonic convulsion (CC) responses, respectively, but not in the ATOR+LEVE treated group. Intriguingly, comparable Straub tail response and myoclonic convulsion as the diazepam (DIA) group were observed only in the ATOR+LACO treated group. Moreover, a significant muscle-grip strength was observed in both groups. Also, pharmacokinetic analysis has indicated that the mean plasma concentration of ATOR peaked at 2nd hr in the presence of LACO but marginally peaked in the presence of LEVE. An Insilico study has revealed that ATOR has a higher binding affinity toward neuronal sodium channels. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that the plasma concentration of ATOR was potentiated in the presence of LACO, but not in the presence of LEVE and it has provided significant protection against both the electro and chemo-convulsive models in mice. This could be due to the symbiotic pharmacokinetic interplay of ATOR with LACO, and possibly, this interplay may interfere with sodium channel conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Rajangam
- Shri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Ariyur, Pondicherry, 605102, India
| | | | - Narahari N Palei
- Shri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Ariyur, Pondicherry, 605102, India
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - R Prakash
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S.Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology-BSACIST University, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - P Latha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sree Padmavati MahilaVisvavidyalayam- Womens University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517502, India
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Salkapuram SK, Elumalai K. Aged diabetic amputee with COVID‐19: A medication therapy. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2022; 8:242-243. [PMID: 36161204 PMCID: PMC9481882 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Salkapuram
- Department of Post Graduate Research in Clinical Medicine Santhiram College of Pharmacy Nandyal India
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research Selaiyur Chennai India
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Salkapuram SK, Elumalai K. Aged diabetic amputee with COVID-19: A medication therapy. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2022:S2095-882X(22)00011-1. [PMID: 35223128 PMCID: PMC8864101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Salkapuram
- Department of Post Graduate Research in Clinical Medicine, santhiram College of Pharmacy, Nandyal- 518 112, India
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai- 600 073, India
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Pilli GD, Elumalai K, Muthukumar VA, Sundaram PS. A revised analysis of current and emerging Nano suspension technological approaches for cardiovascular medicine. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This is an objective critique to give an in-depth description of Nano suspensions. This article is attempting to address the issue of whether or not Nano science is realistic with respect to price, with regards to item costs being added to the endeavor and Lipotropic drugs have proven to be rewarding and Lipo-immunotherapy has proven to be beneficial. In modern times, drug marketing and promotion have become crucial to efficient commercializing of successful molecules, pharmaceutical companies often work to increase the chances of promoting successful drugs, these included cardiovascular drugs because of their widespread usage.
Main body
Nano suspension is a Nano metric Colloidal Suspension system i.e., Nano suspensions, in the solid form reaches the bloodstream and Nanoparticle colloids readily available to the target cells. All research on Nanostructures is focused on the four primary dimensions, composition, homogeneity, heterogeneity, elasticity, and agglomeration. Researchers are devising ways to deliver medication and other substances to a damaged cell and diseased region, as well as diagnose the body to pinpoint disease and defects, by way of Nanotechnology.
Short conclusions
The vital analysis of Nano science experiment on Nano suspension is working to achieve the goal of reducing product cost by using Nanotechnology in product development, as it wants to examine the probability of development by utilizing Nanotechnology. The usage of the top-limited technology allows the development of cardiovascular drugs classified under the biopharmaceutical classification system (Class II and Class IV) to use two approaches namely top-down and bottom-up methods.
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Elumalai K, Subramanian N, Ramesh Chandra VV, Palei N, Kusuma T, Prasad V, Phani YVB, Sai M, Battula P, Balaji A. Efficacy of gabapentin for low back pain at a tertiary hospital: A prospective observational study. J Acute Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.347777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sunil Kumar S, Elumalai K, Eluri K, Elumalai M, Mallu K, Srinivasan S, Ranjan C, Sivannan S. A case report on hydroxychloroquine induced maculopapular rashes: The immunosuppressant and corticosteroid therapy. Precision Medical Sciences 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prm2.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salkapuram Sunil Kumar
- Department of Postgraduate Research in Clinical Pharmacy Santhiram College of Pharmacy Nandyal India
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies Chennai India
| | - Kalpana Eluri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Manogaran Elumalai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Keerthana Mallu
- Department of Postgraduate Research in Clinical Pharmacy Santhiram College of Pharmacy Nandyal India
| | | | - Chanda Ranjan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry The Oxford College of Pharmacy Bangalore India
| | - Srinivasan Sivannan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Karpagam College of Pharmacy Coimbatore India
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8
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Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Ashokkumar S. Retraction notice to "Facile, Eco-friendly and template free phytosynthesis of Cauliflower like ZnO nanoparticles using leaf extract of Tamarindus indica (L.) and its biological evolution of antibacterial and antifungal activities" [Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 136 (Part B) (2015) 1052-1057]. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 207:363. [PMID: 30342768 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Elumalai
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - S Velmurugan
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India.
| | - S Ravi
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - V Kathiravan
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - S Ashokkumar
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
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Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Ashokkumar S. Retraction notice to "Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity" [Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 143 (2015) 158-164]. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:651. [PMID: 30266450 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Elumalai
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - S Velmurugan
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India.
| | - S Ravi
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - V Kathiravan
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - S Ashokkumar
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
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Sivannan S, Vishnuvardhan A, Elumalai K, Srinivasan S, Eluri K, Elumalai M, Muthu R. Isoniazid‐induced liver disorder in the treatment of tuberculosis. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:268-270. [PMID: 30603745 PMCID: PMC6308916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryThe Oxford College of PharmacyHongasandraBangalore560068India
| | | | - Kalpana Eluri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUCSI UniversityCherasKuala Lumpur56000Malaysia
| | - Manogaran Elumalai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUCSI UniversityCherasKuala Lumpur56000Malaysia
| | - Ramasamy Muthu
- Department of PharmacologyThe Oxford College of PharmacyHongasandraBangalore560068India
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Yadhav CSC, Elumalai K, Nishad SS, Sivannan S, Srinivasan S. Development of acrocyanosis associated with pain and increased creatinine level in histoplasmosis patient: Medication therapy. Aging Med (Milton) 2018; 1:220-223. [PMID: 31942500 PMCID: PMC6880680 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthikeyan Elumalai
- Department of Postgraduate Research in Clinical PharmacySanthiram College of PharmacyNandyalIndia
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryOxford College of PharmacyHongasandra, BangaloreIndia
| | - Shaik Sana Nishad
- Department of Postgraduate Research in Clinical PharmacySanthiram College of PharmacyNandyalIndia
| | - Srinivasan Sivannan
- Department of Pharmacy PracticeTogari Veeramallappa Memorial College of PharmacyBallariIndia
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Elumalai K, Ashraf Ali M, Munusamy S, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S. Novel pyrazinamide condensed azetidinones inhibit the activities of cholinesterase enzymes. Journal of Taibah University for Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Elumalai
- New Drug Discovery Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan, 301030, India
| | - Mohammed Ashraf Ali
- New Drug Discovery Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan, 301030, India
| | - Sekar Munusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Santhiram College of Pharmacy, Nandyal, 518112, India
| | - Manogaran Elumalai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kalpana Eluri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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Abstract
The title compound, C14H10O2S, crystallizes with two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. They have very similar conformations with the thiophene ring having an envelope conformation in both molecules. In molecule A, the benzene and thiophene rings makes a dihedral angle of 11.01 (9)°. The corresponding angle in molecule B is 9.58 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming dimers with an R
2
2(18)set-graph motif. The dimers are linked via C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (100).
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Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Adaikala Raj G. Bio-approach: Plant mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their catalytic reduction of methylene blue and antimicrobial activity. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Ashokkumar S. RETRACTED: Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 143:158-64. [PMID: 25725211 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of semiconductor materials made a considerable progress of catalytic technologies. In the present study, a simple and eco-friendly chemical direction for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using leaf extract of Moringa oleifera has been used. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized various techniques such as UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD analysis revealed the wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs. FT-IR confirmed the presence of functional groups of both leaf extract and ZnO NPs. The particles size, morphology and topography determined from FE-SEM. The intense and narrow width of zinc and oxygen have high purity and crystalline were identified using EDX. UV-Vis absorption showed the characteristic absorption peak of ZnO NPs. The results of antimicrobial activities revealed that maximum zones of inhibition was observed Gram (+ve) positive bacteria and followed by the Gram (-ve) negative bacteria and fungal at concentration of 200μg/mL of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elumalai
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - S Velmurugan
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India.
| | - S Ravi
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - V Kathiravan
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - S Ashokkumar
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
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Kathiravan V, Ravi S, Ashokkumar S, Velmurugan S, Elumalai K, Khatiwada CP. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Croton sparsiflorus morong leaf extract and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 139:200-5. [PMID: 25561298 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biologically synthesized nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of medicine. Especially, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized by the leaf extract lead the biological activity. In the present work, the synthesized Ag NPs by using the leaf extract of Croton sparsiflorus morong Ag NPs were characterized by using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) along with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy and Fourier Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, respectively. UV-Vis peak at 457 nm confirmed the Ag NPs due to the absorption. Cubic structural analysis and 16 nm particle size of the Ag NPs were calculated by using XRD analysis. The surface morphology along with the presence of Ag NPs was identified by using FE-SEM and EDX, respectively. The FT-IR study revealed with the functional groups of the Ag NPs. Finally, the present research has been explored to exhibit the significant antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kathiravan
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ravi
- Department of Engg. Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Ashokkumar
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Velmurugan
- Department of Engg. Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Elumalai
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Ashokkumar S. RETRACTED: Facile, eco-friendly and template free photosynthesis of cauliflower like ZnO nanoparticles using leaf extract of Tamarindus indica (L.) and its biological evolution of antibacterial and antifungal activities. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 136 Pt B:1052-7. [PMID: 25459502 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we chose the very simple and eco-friendly chemical method for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaf extract of Tamarindus indica (L.) (T. indica) and developed the new green route for synthesis of nanoparticles. Formed product has been studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and with corresponding energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Mainly, the present results depicted that the synthesized nanoproducts are moderately stable, hexagonal phase, roughly spherical with maximum particles in size range within 19-37 nm in diameter. The antibacterial and fungal activities of aqueous extracts of T. indica were ended with corresponding disk diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The highest mean zones of inhibition were observed in the ZnO NPs (200 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (13.1±0.28). Finally, it can be concluded that microbial activity of ZnO NPs has more susceptible S. aureus than the other micro organisms. Further, the present investigation suggests that ZnO NPs has the potential applications for various medical and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elumalai
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - S Velmurugan
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India.
| | - S Ravi
- Department of Engineering Physics (FEAT), Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - V Kathiravan
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
| | - S Ashokkumar
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, India
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Elumalai K, Ali MA, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor activity of some novel pyrazinamide condensed 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626677 PMCID: PMC5466188 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of some novel pyrazinamide condensed 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines was prepared by reacting of N-(3-oxobutanoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide with urea/thiourea and appropriate aldehyde in the presence of catalytic amount of laboratory made p-toluenesulfonic acid as an efficient catalyst. Confirmation of the chemical structure of the synthesized compounds (4a–l) was substantiated by TLC, different spectral data IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for acetyl and butyl cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) inhibitor activity. The titled compounds exhibited weak, moderate or high AChE and BuChE inhibitor activity. Especially, compound (4l) showed the best AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity of all the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives, with an IC50 value of 0.11 μM and 3.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Elumalai
- New Drug Discovery Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan 301030, India.,College of Pharmacy, Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust, Tirupati 517102, India
| | - Mohammed Ashraf Ali
- New Drug Discovery Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan 301030, India
| | - Manogaran Elumalai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kalpana Eluri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Elumalai K, Ali MA, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and cytotoxic activity of some novel acetazolamide cyclocondensed azetidinones. J Acute Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacme.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Elumalai K, Ali MA, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S, Sivannan S, Mohanthi SK. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of acetazolamide, cycloserine and isoniazid condensed some novel phthalimide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcas.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Elumalai K, Ali MA, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S, Mohanti SK, Thota A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel isoniazid cyclocondensed azetidinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Krishnappa K, Elumalai K. Mosquitocidal properties of Basella rubra and Cleome viscosa against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) (Diptera:Culicidae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:1273-1277. [PMID: 23690200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of acetone, benzene, hexane and methanol leaf extracts of Basella rubra and Cleome viscosa against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty five early third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were exposed to various concentrations and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005. The 24h LC50 values of the Basella rubra and Cleome viscosa leaf extracts were determined by probit analysis. The ovicidal activity was determined against Aedes aegypti to various concentrations ranging from 50-420 ppm under laboratory conditions. The hatch rates were assessed 48 h post treatment. RESULTS The LC50 value of acetone, benzene, hexane and methanol leaf extracts of Basella rubra were 72.63, 53.62, 122.64 and 63.28 ppm, respectively. Cleome viscosa shows the LC50 values of 126.12, 82.43, 179.26 and 123.34 ppm, respectively. Among two plant solvents tested, Basella rubra extracts were found to be most significant ovicidal activity 100% egg mortality (zero hatchability) observed at 300 ppm and 420 ppm for Cleome viscosa. CONCLUSIONS The crude extracts of Basella rubra and Cleome viscosa were an excellent potential for controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnappa
- Department of Zoology, Poompuhar College, Melaiyur, Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, India
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Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Krishnappa K. Larvicidal activity of Saponin isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) against Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:1404-1410. [PMID: 23740457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema (G.) sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25 microg/ml); the 24h LC(50) values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy, that treatment level 100 ppm exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. RESULTS The LC(50) values of 34.756 microg/ml (24.475-51.41), 31.351 microg/ml (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 microg/ml (25.159-32.308) were calculated in acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector control Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elumalai
- Centre for Entamotoxicity Studies, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Nandanam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Elumalai K, Ali MA, Elumalai M, Eluri K, Srinivasan S. Novel isoniazid cyclocondensed 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives for treating infectious disease: a synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation. Journal of Acute Disease 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Borne Dis 2012; 49:86-90. [PMID: 22898480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Development of plant-based alternative compounds for mosquito control has gained importance now-a-days, in view of increasing resistance in mosquito vectors to existing insecticides. The larvicidal and repellent activities of benzene, chloroform, hexane and methanol leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plant, Adansonia digitata were investigated against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. METHODS In all, 25 III instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations (30-180 mg/l) in the laboratory by using the standard protocol described by WHO (2005). The larvae were exposed for 24 h and mortalities were subjected to log-probit analysis. Repellent activity of crude leaf extract at the dosages of 2, 4 and 6 mg/cm2 was evaluated in a net cage (45 × 30 × 45 cm) containing 100 blood starved female mosquitoes of An. stephensi using the protocol of WHO (1996). RESULTS Preliminary phytochemical analysis of A. digitata showed the presence of triterpenoids and saponins. The LC50 and LC90 values of hexane, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of A. digitata against An. stephensi larvae in 24 h were 111.32, 97.13, 88.55, 78.18 and 178.63, 176.19, 168.14, 155.42 mg/l, respectively. The repellent activity of methanol extract was found to be most effective and at higher concentration of 6 mg/cm2 benzene, chloroform hexane and methanol extracts provided 100% protection up to 150, 180, 120 and 210 min against An. stephensi, respectively. CONCLUSION The preliminary study indicated that A. digitata showed larvicidal and repellent activities against An. stephensi and could be used for controlling mosquitoes. Further studies are indicated to purify the active compounds from these plants for developing larvicide and repellents.
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Prakash NU, Bhuvaneswa S, Jahnavi B, Abhinaya K, Rajalin AG, Kumar MP, Sundrarama G, Elumalai K, Devipriya S, Kannan V, Sriraman V, Kathiravan G. A Study on Antibacterial Activity of Common Weeds in Northern Districts of Tamil Nadu, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2012.341.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pugazhvendan S, Ross PR, Elumalai K. Insecticidal and Repellant Activities of Four indigenous medicinal Plants Against Stored Grain Pest, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mathivanana T, Govindarajan M, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Ananthan A. Mosquito larvicidal and phytochemical properties of Ervatamia coronaria Stapf. (Family: Apocynaceae). J Vector Borne Dis 2010; 47:178-180. [PMID: 20834089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Mathivanana
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India
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Prakash M, Gunasekaran G, Elumalai K. Effect of earthworm powder on antioxidant enzymes in alcohol induced hepatotoxic rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2008; 12:237-243. [PMID: 18727455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms have been widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. However, it is only during the past few decades, with the development of biochemical technologies, that research on the pharmaceutical effects has been initiated. The present study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of indigenous earthworm powder (Perionyx excavatus), using alcohol induction as a model of hepatotoxic and oxidative damage. Alcohol-hepatotoxic rats exhibited elevation in the lipid-peroxidative marker thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). A decrease in the activities of enzymatic antioxidant enzymes: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione (GSH) was observed. Oral administration of dried earthworm powder (500 mg/kg body weight) for 42 days reversed these parameters towards normalcy. These results suggest that the indigenous earthworm Perionyx excavatus could afford a significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect against alcohol induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prakash
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.
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