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Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Kot M, Starowicz Z, Jarzębska A, Panek P, Flege JI. Instability of Formamidinium Lead Iodide (FAPI) Deposited on a Copper Oxide Hole Transporting Layer (HTL). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38743851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Copper oxide appears to be a promising candidate for a hole transport layer (HTL) in emerging perovskite solar cells. Reasons for this are its good optical and electrical properties, cost-effectiveness, and high stability. However, is this really the case? In this study, we demonstrate that copper oxide, synthesized by a spray-coating method, is unstable in contact with formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPI) perovskite, leading to its decomposition. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, we find that the entire copper oxide diffuses into and reacts with the FAPI film completely. The reaction products are an inactive yellow δ-FAPI phase, copper iodide (CuI), and an additional new phase of copper formate hydroxide (CH2CuO3) that has not been reported previously in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kot
- Applied Physics and Semiconductor Spectroscopy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Jarzębska
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Ingo Flege
- Applied Physics and Semiconductor Spectroscopy, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
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Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Starowicz Z, Woźny J, Nuckowski PM, Musztyfaga-Staszuk M, Panek P. Ca-Doped Copper (I) Oxide Deposited via the Spray Coating Technique for Heterojunction Solar Cell Application. Molecules 2023; 28:7324. [PMID: 37959745 PMCID: PMC10648554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, the morphological, optical, electrical, and photovoltaic properties of copper oxide and calcium-doped copper oxide thin films produced via the spray coating method were studied. The thermal post treatment at 300 °C in an inert atmosphere allowed us to obtain a single phase of Cu2O with 21 Ωcm of resistivity (ρ). In this study, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% Ca admixtures with copper oxide were investigated. The determined optimal calcium dopant concentration was 4 wt%. XRD analysis was used to reveal the chemical composition of the produced layers. It was found that a calcium dopant does not change the layer composition but improves its electrical parameters. Based on UV-Vis spectra, the band gap energy and Urbach energy were calculated. The morphology of produced thin films was described as smooth and nanocrystalline, corresponding to a grain size calculated based on the Scherrer equation. Finally, it was shown that the developed protocol of low-resistivity copper oxide deposition via the spray coating technique can be successfully implemented in heterojunction solar cell production. The I-V parameters of Ag/n-type CzSi/REF:CuOx and 4Ca:CuOx/Carbon were collected, and the achieved efficiency was 2.38%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Z.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Z.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Janusz Woźny
- Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronics Devices, Lodz University of Technology, Al. Politechniki 10, 93-590 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paweł M. Nuckowski
- Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | | | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Z.S.); (P.P.)
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Sahayaraj S, Starowicz Z, Ziółek M, Socha R, Major Ł, Góral A, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Palewicz M, Sikora A, Piasecki T, Gotszalk T, Lipiński M. Synergistic Effect of Precursor and Interface Engineering Enables High Efficiencies in FAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5352. [PMID: 37570058 PMCID: PMC10419934 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)-based perovskite solar cells have gained immense popularity over the last few years within the perovskite research community due to their incredible opto-electronic properties and the record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) achieved by the solar cells. However, FAPbI3 is vulnerable to phase transitions even at room temperature, which cause structural instability and eventual device failure during operation. We performed post-treatment of the FAPbI3 surface with octyl ammonium iodide (OAI) in order to stabilize the active phase and preserve the crystal structure of FAPbI3. The formation of a 2D perovskite at the interface depends on the stoichiometry of the precursor. By optimizing the precursor stoichiometry and the concentration of OAI, we observe a synergistic effect, which results in improved power conversion efficiencies, reaching the best values of 22% on a glass substrate. Using physical and detailed optical analysis, we verify the presence of the 2D layer on the top of the 3D surface of the perovskite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Sahayaraj
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Marcin Ziółek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Socha
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Anna Góral
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Marcin Palewicz
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Andrzej Sikora
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Teodor Gotszalk
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Marek Lipiński
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
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Drygała A, Starowicz Z, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Karolus M, Lipiński M, Jarka P, Matysiak W, Tillová E, Palček P, Tański T. Hybrid Mesoporous TiO 2/ZnO Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell. Molecules 2023; 28:5656. [PMID: 37570627 PMCID: PMC10419676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained major attention as potentially useful photovoltaic technology due to their ever-increasing power-conversion efficiency (PCE). The efficiency of PSCs depends strongly on the type of materials selected as the electron transport layer (ETL). TiO2 is the most widely used electron transport material for the n-i-p structure of PSCs. Nevertheless, ZnO is a promising candidate owing to its high transparency, suitable energy band structure, and high electron mobility. In this investigation, hybrid mesoporous TiO2/ZnO ETL was fabricated for a perovskite solar cell composed of FTO-coated glass/compact TiO2/mesoporous ETL/FAPbI3/2D perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. The influence of ZnO nanostructures with different percentage weight contents on the photovoltaic performance was investigated. It was found that the addition of ZnO had no significant effect on the surface topography, structure, and optical properties of the hybrid mesoporous electron-transport layer but strongly affected the electrical properties of PSCs. The best efficiency rate of 18.24% has been obtained for PSCs with 2 wt.% ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Drygała
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 Street, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (M.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 Street, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (M.L.)
| | - Małgorzata Karolus
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 1a 75 Pułku Piechoty Street, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland;
| | - Marek Lipiński
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25 Street, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (Z.S.); (K.G.-N.); (M.L.)
| | - Paweł Jarka
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Wiktor Matysiak
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Material Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Towarowa 7 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Eva Tillová
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1 Street, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia; (E.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Peter Palček
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1 Street, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia; (E.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Tomasz Tański
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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Musztyfaga-Staszuk M, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Socha R, Panek P. The Influence of the ITO Layers' Thicknesses on Their Chosen Physical Surface Parameters. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1363. [PMID: 36836993 PMCID: PMC9961801 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the results concerning the influence of the thickness of the ITO and In2O3 layers deposited by the magnetron sputtering method on the physical parameters characterising their surface properties. The characterisation parameters were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Kelvin probe. The increase in the layers' thickness related to the time of their fabrication causes an increase in the surface roughness and the value of the work function, followed by a decrease in the concentration of elements and compounds in the near-surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Socha
- Centrum Badań i Rozwoju Technologii dla Przemysłu S.A., Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Wlazło M, Socha R, Stefaniuk I, Major Ł, Panek P. Influence of Conditioning Temperature on Defects in the Double Al 2O 3/ZnO Layer Deposited by the ALD Method. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14041038. [PMID: 33671703 PMCID: PMC7926577 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the results of defects analysis concerning ZnO and Al2O3 layers deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The analysis was performed by the X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The layers were either tested as-deposited or after 30 min heating at 300 °C and 450 °C in Ar atmosphere. TEM and XPS investigations revealed amorphous nature and non-stoichiometry of aluminum oxide even after additional high-temperature treatment. EPR confirmed high number of defect states in Al2O3. For ZnO, we found the as-deposited layer shows ultrafine grains that start to grow when high temperature is applied and that their crystallinity is also improved, resulting in good agreement with XPS results which indicated lower number of defects on the layer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-817-4249
| | - Mateusz Wlazło
- CBRTP—Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Socha
- CBRTP—Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.)
- Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry PAS, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Stefaniuk
- Center of Teaching Technical and Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (P.P.)
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Musztyfaga-Staszuk M, Janicki D, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Socha R, Putynkowski G, Panek P. Copper Oxides on a Cu Sheet Substrate Made by Laser Technique. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173794. [PMID: 32867399 PMCID: PMC7503507 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents results from the production of copper oxide layers on a Cu sheet substrate using diode and Yb:YAG disc lasers operating in the wavelength ranges of 808–940 nm and 1030 nm. The parameters of these layers were compared with the layer obtained in the thermal process of copper oxidation at 300 °C in an infrared (IR) furnace in a natural atmosphere. Investigations into the layers mentioned above, concerning their topography, chemical composition and roughness, were made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A hot-point probe was used to determine and check the type of conductivity of the copper oxide layers formed. The optical band gap energy was estimated by applying the Kubelka–Munk method based on spectrophotometric data. Cross-sections and the element distribution maps were made using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase analysis was investigated by the X-ray diffraction method (XRD). In sum, controlled laser oxidations of copper sheets allow for the formation of a mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. The diode laser allows the production of a layer of copper oxides with a phase composition comparable to the oxides produced by the thermal oxidation method, while the distribution of high phase uniformity in the cross-section of the layer enables the process using a Yb:YAG disc laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Musztyfaga-Staszuk
- Welding Department, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (R.S.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Damian Janicki
- Welding Department, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.G.-N.); (P.P.)
| | - Robert Socha
- Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (R.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Grzegorz Putynkowski
- Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland; (R.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Piotr Panek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.G.-N.); (P.P.)
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