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Stepanova K, Toman M, Sinkorova J, Sinkora S, Pfeiferova S, Kupcova Skalnikova H, Abuhajiar S, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Stepanova H, Nechvatalova K, Leva L, Hermanova P, Kratochvilova M, Dusankova B, Sinkora M, Horak V, Hudcovic T, Butler JE, Sinkora M. Modified live vaccine strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus cause immune system dysregulation similar to wild strains. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1292381. [PMID: 38283357 PMCID: PMC10811158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. Background and objective We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. Methods We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. Results Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. Discussion and conclusion The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Salim Abuhajiar
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Vratislav Horak
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
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Sinkora M, Toman M, Stepanova K, Stepanova H, Leva L, Sinkorova J, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Sinkora S, Skalnikova HK, Nechvatalova K, Hudcovic T, Hermanova P, Pfeiferova S, Kratochvilova M, Kavanova L, Dusankova B, Sinkora MJ. The mechanism of immune dysregulation caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105146. [PMID: 37142116 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRSV is capable of evading the effective immune response, thus persisting in piglets and throughout the swine herd. We show here that PRRSV invades the thymus and causes depletion of T-cell precursors and alteration of the TCR repertoire. Developing thymocytes are affected during negative selection when they transit from the triple-negative to triple-positive stages at the corticomedullary junction just before entering the medulla. The restriction of repertoire diversification occurs in both helper and cytotoxic αβ-T cells. As a result, critical viral epitopes are tolerated, and infection becomes chronic. However, not all viral epitopes are tolerated. Infected piglets develop antibodies capable of recognizing PRRSV, but these are not virus neutralizing. Further analysis showed that the lack of an effective immune response against the critical viral structures results in the absence of a germinal center response, overactivation of T and B cells in the periphery, robust production of useless antibodies of all isotypes, and the inability to eliminate the virus. Overall, the results show how a respiratory virus that primarily infects and destroys myelomonocytic cells has evolved strategies to disrupt the immune system. These mechanisms may be a prototype for how other viruses can similarly modulate the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kavanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Jr Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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Oreskovic Z, Nechvatalova K, Krejci J, Kummer V, Faldyna M. Aspects of intradermal immunization with different adjuvants: The role of dendritic cells and Th1/Th2 response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211896. [PMID: 30742635 PMCID: PMC6370205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal (i.d.) application of vaccine is promising way how to induce specific immune response against particular pathogens. Adjuvants, substances added into vaccination dose with the aim to increase immunogenicity, play important role in activation of dendritic cells with subsequent activation of lymphocytes. They can, however, induce unwanted local reactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of i.d. administration of model antigen keyhole limped hemocyanine alone or with different adjuvants-aluminium hydroxide and oil-based adjuvants-on local histopathological reaction as well as dendritic cell activation at the site of administration and local cytokine and chemokine response. This was assessed at 4 and 24 hours after application. Selection of the adjuvants was based on the fact, that they differently enhance antibody or cell-mediated immunity. The results showed activation of dendritic cells and both Th1 and Th2 response stimulated by oil-based adjuvants. It was associated with higher expression of set of genes, incl. chemokine receptor CCR7 or Th1-associated chemokine CXCL10 and cytokine IFNγ. Application of the antigen with aluminium hydroxide induced higher expression of Th2-associated IL4 or IL13. On the other hand, both complete and incomplete Freund´s adjuvants provoked strong local reaction associated with influx of neutrophils. This was accompanied with high expression of proinflammatory IL1 or neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. Surprisingly, similarly strong local reaction was detected also after application of aluminium hydroxide-based adjuvant. The best balanced local reaction with sufficient activation of immune cells was detected after application of oil-based adjuvants Montanide and Emulsigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kummer
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Oreskovic Z, Kudlackova H, Krejci J, Nechvatalova K, Faldyna M. Oil-based adjuvants delivered intradermally induce high primary IgG2 immune response in swine. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:41-43. [PMID: 28319826 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intradermal application of antigen with or without different adjuvants and activation of immune response are presented in this study. Six groups of six piglets each were immunized with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) antigen in combination with aluminium hydroxide or oil-based adjuvants (complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants, Montanide ISA 206 and Emulsigen). IgG1 and IgG2 levels in sera were measured by KLH-specific ELISA. Interestingly, oil-based adjuvants induced high primary IgG2 response, suggesting the Th1 lymphocyte polarization. Also, considering the similarities between human and porcine organism, we suggest that intradermal application could be considered as an effective vaccine delivery route in both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kudlackova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Vicenova M, Nechvatalova K, Chlebova K, Kucerova Z, Leva L, Stepanova H, Faldyna M. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of biologically active phospholipids with anti-neoplastic potential in porcine model. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14:339. [PMID: 25234616 PMCID: PMC4179840 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of biologically active phospholipids (BAP) used in preparations for clinical practice in humans. Until date, except anti-neoplastic ability, little is known about anti-inflammatory property of the phospholipids. Methods While the course of bacterially induced acute pneumonia and markers of inflammation were studied in in vivo system in pigs orally supplemented with BAP, the pro- and anti-inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated porcine monocyte-derived macrophages to 24 h- and 48 h-treatmeant by BAP was investigated in in vitro system. In vivo, the animal health status was monitored and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-8 in sera were detected by ELISA during the experiment, while bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and the lungs were examined post-mortem. Total and differential counts of white blood cell (WBC) were determined in blood and BALF. In vitro, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and Arg1) cytokines, and level of activated caspase 1 and phosphorylated protein kinase C epsilon (pPKCϵ), were studied using qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. For the purposes of both systems, 6 animals were used in each of the BAP-supplemented and the control groups. Results In vivo, BAP had a positive influence on the course of the disease. The immunomodulatory effects of BAP were confirmed by lower levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and a lower WBC count in the supplemented group in comparison with the control group. A lower percentage of lung parenchyma was affected in the supplemented group comparing to the control group (on average, 4% and 34% of tissue, respectively). In vitro, BAP suppressed mRNA expression of mRNA for IL-10 and all pro-inflammatory cytokines tested. This down-regulation was dose- and time-dependent. Arg1 mRNA expression remained unaffected. Further dose- and time-dependent suppression of the activated caspase 1 and pPKCϵ was detected in macrophages when treated with BAP. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that BAP has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, thus emphasizing the potential of this compound as a natural healing agent.
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Krejci J, Nechvatalova K, Kudlackova H, Leva L, Bernardy J, Toman M, Faldyna M. Effects of adjuvants on the immune response of pigs after intradermal administration of antigen. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:73-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kucerova Z, Hradecka H, Nechvatalova K, Nedbalcova K. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical outbreaks of porcine respiratory diseases. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:203-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ondrackova P, Nechvatalova K, Kucerova Z, Leva L, Dominguez J, Faldyna M. Porcine mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations in the lung, blood and bone marrow: dynamics during inflammation induced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Res 2010; 41:64. [PMID: 20519113 PMCID: PMC2898061 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MP) are cells of nonspecific immunity, playing an essential role in defense against bacterial pathogens. Although various MP subpopulations have been described in the pig, relations among these populations in vivo are unknown to date. The present study was aimed at describing porcine MP subpopulations infiltrating inflamed tissue of pigs under in vivo conditions. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection was used to induce an inflammatory response. CD172α, CD14, CD163, MHCII and CD203α cell surface molecules were used to identify MP by flow cytometry. Changes in MP subpopulations in the peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) compartments along with the analysis of MP appearing in the inflamed lungs were assessed to elucidate the possible origin and maturation stages of the infiltrating MP. The MP population migrating to the inflamed lungs was phenotype CD14+ CD163+ CD203α+/− MHCII+/−. Concomitantly, after APP infection there was an increase in the PB MP CD14+ CD163+ CD203α− MHC II− population, suggesting that these cells give rise to inflammatory monocytes/macrophages. The CD203α and MHCII molecules appear on these cells after leaving the PB. In healthy animals, the BM MP precursors were represented by CD14− CD163− cells maturing directly into CD14+ CD163− that were then released into the PB. After infection, an altered maturation pathway of MP precursors appeared, represented by CD14− CD163− CD203α− MHCII− MP directly switching into CD14+ CD163+ CD203α− MHCII− MP. In conclusion, two different MP maturation pathways were suggested in pigs. The use of these pathways differs under inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ondrackova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Faldyna M, Nechvatalova K, Sinkora J, Knotigova P, Leva L, Krejci J, Toman M. Experimental Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in piglets with different types and levels of specific protection: Immunophenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets in the circulation and respiratory mucosal lymphoid tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:143-52. [PMID: 15963572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection in piglets results in severe and fatal fibrinous hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumoniae. The aim of our study was to analyze changes in lymphocyte subset distribution in peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheobronchal lymph nodes (TLN) in non-immune piglets upon a challenge with a high dose of APP and to compare the quality of such changes in unprotected piglets with counterparts exhibiting specific immunity mediated by high titers of colostrum-derived APP-specific antibodies and/or a low dose APP infection in the early postnatal period. Challenge with APP resulted in a massive increase in CD8-negative gammadelta T-cells in parallel with a reduction in numbers of CD3-CD8low cells in BALF independent of the type and level of immunity and this seems to be a general phenomenon associated with experimental infection. An increase in B-lymphocyte numbers in TLN was another characteristic feature accompanying APP infection in all experimental groups. In piglets with colostrum-derived APP-specific antibodies, this was associated with higher relative numbers of IgM+CD2+ lymphocytes in TLN, while B-cells with the CD2- surface phenotype apparently expanded in the absence of passive humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Krejci J, Nechvatalova K, Kudlackova H, Faldyna M, Kucerova Z, Toman M. Systemic and Local Antibody Responses after Experimental Infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Piglets with Passive or Active Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:190-6. [PMID: 16000115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study was to describe different dynamics of humoral immune responses to experimental infection in piglets of different stages of infection and immunity. Two groups of piglets originating from non-immune (group 1) and immune (group 2) sows at the age of 3 weeks were subdivided as follows: a half of each group of piglets was exposed to a low-dose infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) strain 9. At the age of 8 weeks, all four groups of piglets were challenged with a high infection dose of APP of the same strain. Isotype characterization of the specific antibodies in sera and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) to a lipopolysaccharide was carried out, besides monitoring clinical signs and post-mortem examinations. A typical primary immune response was observed in specific antibody-free piglets infected with a challenge infection. Colostrum-derived immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies persisted in sera and BALF of piglets up to the age of 8 weeks. However, they did not prevent induction of specific-primary antibody response, either in 8 or 4 weeks of age, when levels of specific colostrum-derived antibodies were still high. It was demonstrated by the increase of specific IgM antibodies in sera. The infection induced an increase in the levels of IgA antibodies in BALF regardless the severity of infection and presence of specific colostrum-derived antibodies. The specific antibodies of IgG isotype increased only in BALF from piglets without colostrum-derived antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krejci
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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