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Carnicer-Pont D, Tigova O, Havermans A, Remue E, Ferech M, Vejdovszky K, Solimini R, Gallus S, Nunes E, Lange CC, Gomez-Chacon C, Ruiz-Dominguez F, Behrakis P, Vardavas CI, Fernandez E. Tobacco products in the European Union Common Entry Gate (EU-CEG): A tool for monitoring the EU tobacco products directive. Tob Prev Cessat 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35330752 PMCID: PMC8889498 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/145501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under the European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU) (TPD), manufacturers and importers of tobacco products are required to report information to the European Commission (EC) and Member States (MS) on products intended to be placed on the market. We describe the distribution of notifications to the EU Common Entry Gate (EU-CEG) and identify key fields for improvement on reporting cigarettes or roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data reported in the EU-CEG was conducted for tobacco products notified within EU-CEG between June 2016 and October 2019 for 12 EU MS. Analysis of compliance to specific regulations for priority additives that refer to cigarettes and RYO was conducted for 10 EU countries. RESULTS Overall, 39170 tobacco products were notified. This included 16762 (42.8%) notifications of cigars, followed by cigarettes 11242 (28.7 %), waterpipes 3291 (8.4%), cigarillos (n=1783), pipe (n=1715), RYO (n=1635), chewing tobacco (n=1021), novel tobacco products (n=839), herbal products for smoking (n=535), other (n=258), nasal (n=74) and oral tobacco (n=15). In cigarettes and RYO tobacco products, the proportion of ingredients notified in all countries that contained an unknown Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) number was 3.8% and 2.1%, respectively. The proportion of underreporting flagging of priority additives ranged from 15.9% in Malta to 41.3% in Lithuania, the mean proportion of underreporting of the variable 'priority additive' for the 10 countries together was 24.7%. CONCLUSIONS In the EU-CEG data base, for the period of analysis, a significant number of product notifications took place while large variations in the number of types of tobacco products notified across EU countries was noted. The timely monitoring of these data is needed so that products non-compliant within the EU-CEG system are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Carnicer-Pont
- Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olena Tigova
- Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Havermans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Remue
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matus Ferech
- Tobacco Control Team, DG SANTE B2, Cross-border Healthcare and Tobacco Control, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Renata Solimini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunes
- Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carl C Lange
- The Danish Safety Technology Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Gomez-Chacon
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Unit, Deputy Direction of Promotion, Prevention and Quality, General Direction of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Dominguez
- General Directorate of Public Health and Pharmaceutical Management, Regional Ministry of Health and Families of Andalusia, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Esteve Fernandez
- Cancer Prevention and Control Programme, Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.,Tobacco Control Research Group, Epidemiology and Public Health Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
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Vlachou C, Vejdovszky K, Wolf J, Steinwider J, Fuchs K, Hofstädter D. Toxicological approaches for the quantitative inhalation risk assessment of toxic metals from tobacco smoke: application on the deterministic and probabilistic inhalation risk assessment of cadmium for Austrian smokers. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:128-142. [PMID: 33957849 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1912859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was the assessment of risks from inhalation exposure of Austrian smokers to cadmium through established toxicological approaches with emphasis on the exposure assessment component, which is challenging regarding the actual amount of metal that is inhaled and the simulation of the smoking pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exposure assessment comprised an estimation of the proportion of cadmium inhaled through smoking and actual occurrence data in tobacco products and survey smoking habits, which were integrated in alternative scenarios through a deterministic and a probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method. Risks were characterized through the comparison of the exposure with health-based guidance values, as well as through the assessment of the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), the non-cancer hazard quotient (NCHQ), and the margin of exposure (MOE). The strengths, the uncertainties, and the limitations of the different methodologies were discussed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Upper exposures are close or exceed the Permitted Daily Exposure. Respiratory ELCRs are unacceptable compared to the benchmark range of 1.0E-06 to 1.0E-04. Renal and respiratory NCHQs exceed the target value of 1.0 by 3- to 17-fold. MOEs are not protective enough for cancer and non-cancer effects. The amount of cadmium that reaches the lung is a key source of uncertainty. CONCLUSION Probabilistic estimates provide a refined capture of the actual inhalation exposure. Risk estimates and gender and age profiles are alarming, especially for young smokers. Application of toxicological approaches, combined with realistic assessment of the inhalation exposure levels, can support risk communication and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vlachou
- General Chemical State Laboratory, Chemical Service of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Wolf
- Department of Data Management, Division Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Steinwider
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Fuchs
- Division Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Hofstädter
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
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Vejdovszky K, Mihats D, Griesbacher A, Wolf J, Steinwider J, Lueckl J, Jank B, Kopacka I, Rauscher-Gabernig E. A tiered approach to cumulative risk assessment for reproductive and developmental toxicity of food contaminants for the austrian population using the modified Reference Point Index (mRPI). Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111861. [PMID: 33220394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Through our daily diet, we are exposed to a variety of food contaminants. Yet, assessing the cumulative health risk of chemical mixtures remains a challenge. Using a recently developed method, the modified Reference Point Index (mRPI), the cumulative risks posed by contaminant mixtures were assessed for their effects on reproduction and development. Since these effects can be quite diverse, a tiered approach was adopted to elucidate the risks at a more detailed level based on specific toxicological endpoints. An additional analysis was performed using the modified Maximum Cumulative Ratio (mMCR), which provides the determination of risk-dominating substances in the mixture. Our method represents a novel useful tool to screen and prioritise contaminant mixtures regarding their potential health risks. We found, that in the majority of the calculated scenarios a single substance dominates the cumulative risks. Lead was found to be the primary factor for adverse effects on reproduction and neuronal development of children. Perchlorate was identified as the most prominent risk factor for child development in generalCumulative risks of trichothecenes were dominated by deoxynivalenol. Concerning the impact on pre- and neonatal development, the co-exposure of several substances resulted in increased risks, with none of the considered contaminants dominating substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniela Mihats
- Department of Data Management, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antonia Griesbacher
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiolog, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef Wolf
- Department of Data Management, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johann Steinwider
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Lueckl
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiolog, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Jank
- Department of Food Safety and Consumer Protection, Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Radetzkystraße 2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ian Kopacka
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiolog, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elke Rauscher-Gabernig
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
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Jank B, Rath J, Marko D, Vejdovszky K, Rauscher-Gabernig E. Exploring the TTC approach as a basis for risk management: The example of emerging Alternaria mycotoxins. Toxicol Lett 2020; 320:124-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vejdovszky K, Mihats D, Griesbacher A, Wolf J, Steinwider J, Lueckl J, Jank B, Kopacka I, Rauscher-Gabernig E. Modified Reference Point Index (mRPI) and a decision tree for deriving uncertainty factors: A practical approach to cumulative risk assessment of food contaminant mixtures. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110812. [PMID: 31505235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk assessment of chemical mixtures remains a challenging task in all areas of food and consumer safety. So far, no general method has been developed that is best suited to several subject areas (e.g. food contaminants, additives and supplements, plant protection products). Especially for mixtures of food contaminants sophisticated methods are typically not applicable due to a general lack of complete toxicological data sets. We developed a new approach, the modified Reference Point Index (mRPI), that combines the advantages of the Hazard Index and the Reference Point Index. Furthermore, we developed a decision tree for the determination of specific uncertainty factors that makes the mRPI an easy to use method for cumulative risk assessment even in a data poor field such as food contaminants. To further characterise the estimated cumulative risks, the Maximum Cumulative Ratio (MCR) was adapted to be applied on the mRPI, and the modified Maximum Cumulative Ratio (mMCR) was established to identify whether the risks are dominated by a single substance. We present two case studies assessing the nephrotoxic and neurotoxic risks for the Austrian population originating from food contaminant mixtures. Calculations could not rule out potential cumulative risks, yet, they seemed to be dominated by single substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniela Mihats
- Department of Data Management, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antonia Griesbacher
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef Wolf
- Department of Data Management, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johann Steinwider
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Lueckl
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Jank
- Department of Food Safety and Consumer Protection, Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health and Consumer Protection, Radetzkystraße 2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ian Kopacka
- Department of Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elke Rauscher-Gabernig
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria.
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Vejdovszky K, Grossgut R, Unterluggauer H, Inreiter N, Steinwider J. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to perchlorate for the Austrian population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:623-631. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1426889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Integrative Risk Assessment, Data & Statistics, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Grossgut
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Integrative Risk Assessment, Data & Statistics, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unterluggauer
- Institute for Food Safety Innsbruck, Division of Food Safety, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Norbert Inreiter
- Institute for Hydro Analytics Linz, Division of Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Linz, Austria
| | - Johann Steinwider
- Department of Risk Assessment, Division of Integrative Risk Assessment, Data & Statistics, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
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Vejdovszky K, Sack M, Jarolim K, Aichinger G, Somoza MM, Marko D. In vitro combinatory effects of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol and altertoxin II and potentially involved miRNAs. Toxicol Lett 2017; 267:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vejdovszky K, Schmidt V, Warth B, Marko D. Combinatory estrogenic effects between the isoflavone genistein and the mycotoxins zearalenone and alternariol in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27739238 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The isoflavone genistein, present in soy-based food and dietary supplements, is known for its estrogenic potential. In addition to phytoestrogens, food may also contain mycotoxins with estrogenic properties like zearalenone or alternariol, raising the question on potential combinatory effects of these xenoestrogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Combinatory estrogenic effects of genistein with zearalenone or alternariol were studied in the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa as expression of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activity. Combinations of genistein with either zearalenone or alternariol, showed synergism and antagonism in the AlP assay, depending on the combination ratios and the concentration range. For combinations of zearalenone with genistein synergistic effects dominated. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that mixture effects of phyto- and mycoestrogens potentially pose unexpected risks to consumers. Our study highlights the necessity of according considerations regarding combinatory effects in future risk assessment. The applied in vitro study design represents a cost-efficient screening method to discover interactive effects of estrogens as a basic decision tool for priority risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vejdovszky K, Hahn K, Warth B, Marko D. Co-occurring mycoestrogens formed by {Fusarium} and {Alternaria species} mediate synergistic estrogenic effects. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vejdovszky K, Hahn K, Braun D, Warth B, Marko D. Synergistic estrogenic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1447-1460. [PMID: 27401186 PMCID: PMC5316405 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites formed by various fungal species that are found as natural contaminants in food. This very heterogeneous group of compounds triggers multiple toxic mechanisms, including endocrine disruptive potential. Current risk assessment of mycotoxins, as for most chemical substances, is based on the effects of single compounds. However, concern on a potential enhancement of risks by interactions of single substances in naturally occurring mixtures has greatly increased recently. In this study, the combinatory effects of three mycoestrogens were investigated in detail. This includes the endocrine disruptors zearalenone (ZEN) and α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) produced by Fusarium fungi and alternariol (AOH), a cytotoxic and estrogenic mycotoxin formed by Alternaria species. For evaluation of effects, estrogen-dependent activation of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and cell proliferation were tested in the adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa. The estrogenic potential varied among the single substances. Half maximum effect concentrations (EC50) for AlP activation were evaluated for α-ZEL, ZEN and AOH as 37 pM, 562 pM and 995 nM, respectively. All three mycotoxins were found to act as partial agonists. The majority of binary combinations, even at very low concentrations in the case of α-ZEL, showed strong synergism in the AlP assay. These potentiating phenomena of mycotoxin mixtures highlight the urgent need to incorporate combinatory effects into future risk assessment, especially when endocrine disruptors are involved. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first investigation on synergistic effects of mycoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vejdovszky
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Hahn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Grusch M, Ghassemi S, Vejdovszky K, Schelch K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Heffeter P, Pirker C, Berger W. 838 The FGF Axis in Melanoma – FGF5 as Novel Player and Combination Strategies for Effective Targeting. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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