1
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Kim HH, Shim YR, Kim HN, Yang K, Ryu T, Kim K, Choi SE, Kim MJ, Woo C, Chung KPS, Hong SH, Shin H, Suh JM, Jung Y, Hwang GS, Kim W, Kim SH, Eun HS, Seong JK, Jeong WI. xCT-mediated glutamate excretion in white adipocytes stimulates interferon-γ production by natural killer cells in obesity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112636. [PMID: 37310859 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-mediated hypoxic stress underlies inflammation, including interferon (IFN)-γ production by natural killer (NK) cells in white adipose tissue. However, the effects of obesity on NK cell IFN-γ production remain obscure. Here, we show that hypoxia promotes xCT-mediated glutamate excretion and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) expression in white adipocytes, resulting in CXCR4+ NK cell recruitment. Interestingly, this spatial proximity between adipocytes and NK cells induces IFN-γ production in NK cells by stimulating metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). IFN-γ then triggers inflammatory activation of macrophages and augments xCT and CXCL12 expression in adipocytes, forming a bidirectional pathway. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of xCT, mGluR5, or IFN-γ receptor in adipocytes or NK cells alleviates obesity-related metabolic disorders in mice. Consistently, patients with obesity showed elevated levels of glutamate/mGluR5 and CXCL12/CXCR4 axes, suggesting that a bidirectional pathway between adipocytes and NK cells could be a viable therapeutic target in obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Life Science Research Institute, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Life Science Research Institute, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Neul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Keungmo Yang
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tom Ryu
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyurae Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Choi
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Woo
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Katherine Po Sin Chung
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hwa Hong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Shin
- Life Science Research Institute, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soo Eun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC) and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kim HH, Shim YR, Choi SE, Kim MH, Lee G, You HJ, Choi WM, Yang K, Ryu T, Kim K, Kim MJ, Woo C, Chung KPS, Hong SH, Eun HS, Kim SH, Ko G, Park JE, Gao B, Kim W, Jeong WI. Catecholamine induces Kupffer cell apoptosis via growth differentiation factor 15 in alcohol-associated liver disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:158-170. [PMID: 36631664 PMCID: PMC9898237 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption often induces hepatic steatosis but rarely causes severe inflammation in Kupffer cells (KCs) despite the increased hepatic influx of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting the presence of a veiled tolerance mechanism. In addition to LPS, the liver is affected by several gut-derived neurotransmitters through the portal blood, but the effects of catecholamines on KCs have not been clearly explored in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Hence, we investigated the regulatory roles of catecholamine on inflammatory KCs under chronic alcohol exposure. We discovered that catecholamine levels were significantly elevated in the cecum, portal blood, and liver tissues of chronic ethanol-fed mice. Increased catecholamines induced mitochondrial translocation of cytochrome P450 2E1 in perivenous hepatocytes expressing the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), leading to the enhanced production of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Subsequently, GDF15 profoundly increased ADRB2 expression in adjacent inflammatory KCs to facilitate catecholamine/ADRB2-mediated apoptosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing of KCs confirmed the elevated expression of Adrb2 and apoptotic genes after chronic ethanol intake. Genetic ablation of Adrb2 or hepatic Gdf15 robustly decreased the number of apoptotic KCs near perivenous areas, exacerbating alcohol-associated inflammation. Consistently, we found that blood and stool catecholamine levels and perivenous GDF15 expression were increased in patients with early-stage ALD along with an increase in apoptotic KCs. Our findings reveal a novel protective mechanism against ALD, in which the catecholamine/GDF15 axis plays a critical role in KC apoptosis, and identify a unique neuro-metabo-immune axis between the gut and liver that elicits hepatoprotection against alcohol-mediated pathogenic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Hoon Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Choi
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Giljae Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Mook Choi
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Gastroenterology, Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Keungmo Yang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Tom Ryu
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyurae Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerin Woo
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Katherine Po Sin Chung
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hwa Hong
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soo Eun
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Single-Cell Medical Genomics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Gao
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ryu T, Kim K, Choi SE, Chung KPS, Jeong WI. New insights in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver disease: The metabolic, immunologic, and neurologic pathways. Liver Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Chung KPS, Leung RWH, Lee TKW. Hampering Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment as a Therapeutic Strategy to Destem Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3191. [PMID: 34202411 PMCID: PMC8268361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor bulk play crucial roles in tumor initiation, recurrence and therapeutic resistance. In addition to intrinsic regulation, a growing body of evidence suggests that the phenotypes of CSCs are also regulated extrinsically by stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss the current knowledge of the interplay between stromal cells and cancer cells with a special focus on how stromal cells drive the stemness of cancer cells and immune evasive mechanisms of CSCs. Knowledge gained from the interaction between CSCs and stromal cells will provide a mechanistic basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Po Sin Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.P.S.C.); (R.W.H.L.)
| | - Rainbow Wing Hei Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.P.S.C.); (R.W.H.L.)
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (K.P.S.C.); (R.W.H.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Leung HW, Leung CON, Lau EY, Chung KPS, Mok EH, Lei MML, Leung RWH, Tong M, Keng VW, Ma C, Zhao Q, Ng IOL, Ma S, Lee TK. EPHB2 Activates β-Catenin to Enhance Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Drive Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3229-3240. [PMID: 33903122 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival benefit derived from sorafenib treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is modest due to acquired resistance. Targeting cancer stem cells (CSC) is a possible way to reverse drug resistance, however, inhibitors that specifically target liver CSCs are limited. In this study, we established two sorafenib-resistant, patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) that mimicked development of acquired resistance to sorafenib in patients with HCC. RNA-sequencing analysis of sorafenib-resistant PDXs and their corresponding mock controls identified EPH receptor B2 (EPHB2) as the most significantly upregulated kinase. EPHB2 expression increased stepwise from normal liver tissue to fibrotic liver tissue to HCC tissue and correlated with poor prognosis. Endogenous EPHB2 knockout showed attenuation of tumor development in mice. EPHB2 regulated the traits of liver CSCs; similarly, sorted EPHB2High HCC cells were endowed with enhanced CSC properties when compared with their EPHB2-Low counterparts. Mechanistically, EPHB2 regulated cancer stemness and drug resistance by driving the SRC/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling cascade, and EPHB2 expression was regulated by TCF1 via promoter activation, forming a positive Wnt/β-catenin feedback loop. Intravenous administration of rAAV-8-shEPHB2 suppressed HCC tumor growth and significantly sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib in an NRAS/AKT-driven HCC immunocompetent mouse model. Targeting a positive feedback loop involving the EPHB2/β-catenin axis may be a possible therapeutic strategy to combat acquired drug resistance in HCC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a EPHB2/β-catenin/TCF1 positive feedback loop that augments cancer stemness and sorafenib resistance in HCC, revealing a targetable axis to combat acquired drug resistance in HCC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/12/3229/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Wing Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Carmen Oi Ning Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Eunice Y Lau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Katherine Po Sin Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Etienne H Mok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Martina Mang Leng Lei
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Rainbow Wing Hei Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Man Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Vincent W Keng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Irene Oi Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Terence K Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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6
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Leung CON, Tong M, Chung KPS, Zhou L, Che N, Tang KH, Ding J, Lau EYT, Ng IOL, Ma S, Lee TKW. Overriding Adaptive Resistance to Sorafenib Through Combination Therapy With Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase 2 Blockade in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2020; 72:155-168. [PMID: 31610028 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The survival benefit of sorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unsatisfactory due to the development of adaptive resistance. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that drug resistance can be acquired by cancer cells by activating a number of signaling pathways through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs); nevertheless, the detailed mechanism for the activation of these alternative pathways is not fully understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Given the physiological role of Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) as a downstream effector of many RTKs for activation of various signaling cascades, we first found that SHP2 was markedly up-regulated in our established sorafenib-resistant cell lines as well as patient-derived xenografts. Upon sorafenib treatment, adaptive resistance was acquired in HCC cells through activation of RTKs including AXL, epidermal growth factor receptor, EPH receptor A2, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, leading to RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and AKT reactivation. We found that the SHP2 inhibitor SHP099 abrogated sorafenib resistance in HCC cell lines and organoid culture in vitro by blocking this negative feedback mechanism. Interestingly, this sensitization effect was also mediated by induction of cellular senescence. SHP099 in combination with sorafenib was highly efficacious in the treatment of xenografts and genetically engineered models of HCC. CONCLUSIONS SHP2 blockade by SHP099 in combination with sorafenib attenuated the adaptive resistance to sorafenib by impeding RTK-induced reactivation of the MEK/ERK and AKT signaling pathways. SHP099 in combination with sorafenib may be a safe therapeutic strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Oi Ning Leung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Man Tong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Katherine Po Sin Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Lena Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Noélia Che
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Ho Tang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Jin Ding
- The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Irene Oi Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Terence Kin Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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7
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Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are 15-kDa proteins responsible for the transport of fatty acids both intracellularly and extracellularly. Consisting of 12 different isoforms, some of the proteins have been found to be released in the serum and to be correlated with various diseases including cancer. Differential expression of these proteins has been reported to result in cancer pathogenesis by modulating various cancer signaling pathways; hence, in this review, we present the recent studies that have investigated the roles of different kinds of FABPs in different types of cancer and any possible underlying mechanisms to better understand the role of FABPs in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gurung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Katherine Po Sin Chung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Terence Kin-Wah Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China.
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