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Miralles A, Bruy T, Wolcott K, Scherz MD, Begerow D, Beszteri B, Bonkowski M, Felden J, Gemeinholzer B, Glaw F, Glöckner FO, Hawlitschek O, Kostadinov I, Nattkemper TW, Printzen C, Renz J, Rybalka N, Stadler M, Weibulat T, Wilke T, Renner SS, Vences M. Repositories for Taxonomic Data: Where We Are and What is Missing. Syst Biol 2020; 69:1231-1253. [PMID: 32298457 PMCID: PMC7584136 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural history collections are leading successful large-scale projects of specimen digitization (images, metadata, DNA barcodes), thereby transforming taxonomy into a big data science. Yet, little effort has been directed towards safeguarding and subsequently mobilizing the considerable amount of original data generated during the process of naming 15,000-20,000 species every year. From the perspective of alpha-taxonomists, we provide a review of the properties and diversity of taxonomic data, assess their volume and use, and establish criteria for optimizing data repositories. We surveyed 4113 alpha-taxonomic studies in representative journals for 2002, 2010, and 2018, and found an increasing yet comparatively limited use of molecular data in species diagnosis and description. In 2018, of the 2661 papers published in specialized taxonomic journals, molecular data were widely used in mycology (94%), regularly in vertebrates (53%), but rarely in botany (15%) and entomology (10%). Images play an important role in taxonomic research on all taxa, with photographs used in >80% and drawings in 58% of the surveyed papers. The use of omics (high-throughput) approaches or 3D documentation is still rare. Improved archiving strategies for metabarcoding consensus reads, genome and transcriptome assemblies, and chemical and metabolomic data could help to mobilize the wealth of high-throughput data for alpha-taxonomy. Because long-term-ideally perpetual-data storage is of particular importance for taxonomy, energy footprint reduction via less storage-demanding formats is a priority if their information content suffices for the purpose of taxonomic studies. Whereas taxonomic assignments are quasifacts for most biological disciplines, they remain hypotheses pertaining to evolutionary relatedness of individuals for alpha-taxonomy. For this reason, an improved reuse of taxonomic data, including machine-learning-based species identification and delimitation pipelines, requires a cyberspecimen approach-linking data via unique specimen identifiers, and thereby making them findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable for taxonomic research. This poses both qualitative challenges to adapt the existing infrastructure of data centers to a specimen-centered concept and quantitative challenges to host and connect an estimated $ \le $2 million images produced per year by alpha-taxonomic studies, plus many millions of images from digitization campaigns. Of the 30,000-40,000 taxonomists globally, many are thought to be nonprofessionals, and capturing the data for online storage and reuse therefore requires low-complexity submission workflows and cost-free repository use. Expert taxonomists are the main stakeholders able to identify and formalize the needs of the discipline; their expertise is needed to implement the envisioned virtual collections of cyberspecimens. [Big data; cyberspecimen; new species; omics; repositories; specimen identifier; taxonomy; taxonomic data.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Miralles
- Departement Origins and Evolution, Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzingerstraße 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Teddy Bruy
- Departement Origins and Evolution, Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzingerstraße 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Katherine Wolcott
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzingerstraße 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark D Scherz
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Department of Geobotany, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bank Beszteri
- Department of Phycology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Center of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Janine Felden
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobenerstraße 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Birgit Gemeinholzer
- Department of Systematic Botany, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 38, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Glaw
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany
| | - Frank Oliver Glöckner
- Alfred Wegener Institute - Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Oliver Hawlitschek
- Department of Herpetology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany
- Department of Scientific Infrastructure, Centrum für Naturkunde (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivaylo Kostadinov
- GFBio - Gesellschaft für Biologische Daten e.V., c/o Research II, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim W Nattkemper
- Biodata Mining Group, Center of Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Printzen
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Renz
- Zooplankton Research Group, DZMB – Senckenberg am Meer, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nataliya Rybalka
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, University Göttingen, Nikolausberger-Weg 18, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Weibulat
- GFBio - Gesellschaft für Biologische Daten e.V., c/o Research II, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzingerstraße 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Dömel JS, Macher TH, Dietz L, Duncan S, Mayer C, Rozenberg A, Wolcott K, Leese F, Melzer RR. Combining morphological and genomic evidence to resolve species diversity and study speciation processes of the Pallenopsis patagonica (Pycnogonida) species complex. Front Zool 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 31516540 PMCID: PMC6728986 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pallenopsis patagonica (Hoek, 1881) is a morphologically and genetically variable sea spider species whose taxonomic classification is challenging. Currently, it is considered as a species complex including several genetic lineages, many of which have not been formally described as species. Members of this species complex occur on the Patagonian and Antarctic continental shelves as well as around sub-Antarctic islands. These habitats have been strongly influenced by historical large-scale glaciations and previous studies suggested that communities were limited to very few refugia during glacial maxima. Therefore, allopatric speciation in these independent refugia is regarded as a common mechanism leading to high biodiversity of marine benthic taxa in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere. However, other mechanisms such as ecological speciation have rarely been considered or tested. Therefore, we conducted an integrative morphological and genetic study on the P. patagonica species complex to i) resolve species diversity using a target hybrid enrichment approach to obtain multiple genomic markers, ii) find morphological characters and analyze morphometric measurements to distinguish species, and iii) investigate the speciation processes that led to multiple lineages within the species complex. RESULTS Phylogenomic results support most of the previously reported lineages within the P. patagonica species complex and morphological data show that several lineages are distinct species with diagnostic characters. Two lineages are proposed as new species, P. aulaeturcarum sp. nov. Dömel & Melzer, 2019 and P. obstaculumsuperavit sp. nov. Dömel, 2019, respectively. However, not all lineages could be distinguished morphologically and thus likely represent cryptic species that can only be identified with genetic tools. Further, morphometric data of 135 measurements showed a high amount of variability within and between species without clear support of adaptive divergence in sympatry. CONCLUSIONS We generated an unprecedented molecular data set for members of the P. patagonica sea spider species complex with a target hybrid enrichment approach, which we combined with extensive morphological and morphometric analyses to investigate the taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of this group. The extensive data set enabled us to delineate species boundaries, on the basis of which we formally described two new species. No consistent evidence for positive selection was found, rendering speciation in allopatric glacial refugia as the most likely model of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S. Dömel
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Till-Hendrik Macher
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Dietz
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Statistical Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina Duncan
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology – SNSB, Muenchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Statistical Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Katherine Wolcott
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology – SNSB, Muenchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Leese
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland R. Melzer
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology – SNSB, Muenchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany
- Department Biologie II, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBioCenter, LMU Munich, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Rhee P, Wang D, Ruff P, Austin B, DeBraux S, Wolcott K, Burris D, Ling G, Sun L. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:74-8. [PMID: 10667502 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200001000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether activated neutrophils play a major role in secondary tissue injury after resuscitation in trauma. We hypothesized that human neutrophil activation and adhesion vary, depending on the type and amount of resuscitation fluid used. SETTING University-based research facility. SUBJECTS Ten healthy adult volunteers. DESIGN Whole blood from volunteers was serially diluted in polypropylene tubes with various resuscitation fluids. Fluids tested were phosphate-buffered saline, normal saline, lactated Ringer's solution, dextran, hespan, 5% human albumin, 25% human albumin, 3.5% hypertonic saline, and 7.5% hypertonic saline. Neutrophil activation (intracellular oxidative burst activity with dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining) and adhesion (integrin cell surface expression of CD18) were measured with flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting). Blood was diluted with hypertonic saline by controlling for sodium content equal to normal saline. dose-related increase in neutrophil oxidative burst activity as the result of dilution followed with crystalloid fluids and artificial colloids (dextran and hespan). The increase was 12-18 x baseline at the 75% dilution. The increase with 5% human albumin was only 2.2 x baseline, and 25% albumin did not demonstrate any increased intracellular activity. A similar significant increase in the neutrophil adhesion expression (CD18) occurred with artificial colloids (p<.05) and, to a lesser extent, with crystalloids, but not with albumin. Hypertonic saline caused a decrease in CD18 cell surface expression. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the neutrophil activation and adhesion may vary, depending on the type of resuscitative fluid used. All artificial resuscitative fluids may not be similar or innocuous, as demonstrated by the dose-related increase in neutrophil activation and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rhee
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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