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Moore U, James M, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Yoshimura MM, Bravver E, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Bushby K, Straub V, Mayhew A. LGMD. Neuromuscul Disord 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schiava M, Amos R, VanRuiten H, McDermott M, Martens W, Gregory S, Mayhew A, McColl E, Tawil R, Willis T, Bushby K, Griggs R, Guglieri M & the FOR DMD group. DMD/BMD - GENETICS. Neuromuscul Disord 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Reyngoudt H, Smith F, de Almeida Araujo EC, Wilson I, Torron RF, James M, Moore U, Marty B, Rufibach L, Heather H, Sutherland H, Hogrel J, Stojkovic T, Bushby K, Straub V, Carlier P, Blamire A, COS consortium JF. MUSCLE IMAGING – MRI. Neuromuscul Disord 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Passarelli C, Selvatici R, Carrieri A, Di Raimo FR, Falzarano MS, Fortunato F, Rossi R, Straub V, Bushby K, Reza M, Zharaieva I, D'Amico A, Bertini E, Merlini L, Sabatelli P, Borgiani P, Novelli G, Messina S, Pane M, Mercuri E, Claustres M, Tuffery-Giraud S, Aartsma-Rus A, Spitali P, T'Hoen PAC, Lochmüller H, Strandberg K, Al-Khalili C, Kotelnikova E, Lebowitz M, Schwartz E, Muntoni F, Scapoli C, Ferlini A. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor SF10A (TNFRSF10A) SNPs Correlate With Corticosteroid Response in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Genet 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32719714 PMCID: PMC7350910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare and severe X-linked muscular dystrophy in which the standard of care with variable outcome, also due to different drug response, is chronic off-label treatment with corticosteroids (CS). In order to search for SNP biomarkers for corticosteroid responsiveness, we genotyped variants across 205 DMD-related genes in patients with differential response to steroid treatment. Methods and Findings We enrolled a total of 228 DMD patients with identified dystrophin mutations, 78 of these patients have been under corticosteroid treatment for at least 5 years. DMD patients were defined as high responders (HR) if they had maintained the ability to walk after 15 years of age and low responders (LR) for those who had lost ambulation before the age of 10 despite corticosteroid therapy. Based on interactome mapping, we prioritized 205 genes and sequenced them in 21 DMD patients (discovery cohort or DiC = 21). We identified 43 SNPs that discriminate between HR and LR. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) prioritized 2 response-associated SNPs in the TNFRSF10A gene. Validation of this genotype was done in two additional larger cohorts composed of 46 DMD patients on corticosteroid therapy (validation cohorts or VaC1), and 150 non ambulant DMD patients and never treated with corticosteroids (VaC2). SNP analysis in all validation cohorts (N = 207) showed that the CT haplotype is significantly associated with HR DMDs confirming the discovery results. Conclusion We have shown that TNFRSF10A CT haplotype correlates with corticosteroid response in DMD patients and propose it as an exploratory CS response biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Passarelli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,U.O.C. Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Paediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Selvatici
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Carrieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sofia Falzarano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fortunato
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rachele Rossi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Bushby
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mojgan Reza
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Zharaieva
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Center, University College London Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adele D'Amico
- Molecular Medicine and Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Molecular Medicine and Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Paediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Merlini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- IRCCS Rizzoli & Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Borgiani
- Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Neuromed, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sonia Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Nemo Sud Clinical Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Pane
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Centro Clinico Nemo, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Centro Clinico Nemo, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mireille Claustres
- Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Tuffery-Giraud
- Laboratory of Genetics of Rare Diseases, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter A C T'Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin Strandberg
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Al-Khalili
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Center, University College London Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,NIH Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Dubowitz Neuromuscular Center, University College London Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Fernandez-Torron R, Diaz-Manera J, James M, Mayhew A, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Bravver E, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Consortium J, Bushby K, Straub V. LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY I. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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James M, Mayhew A, Jacobs M, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Bravver E, Diaz Manera J, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Bushby K, Straub V. LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY I. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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James M, Jacobs M, Mayhew A, Feng J, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Bravver E, Diaz Manera J, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Bushby K, Straub V. Clinical Outcome Study of Dysferlinopathy: what are the best outcome measures for dysferlinopathy patients? Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(18)30306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tiet M, Fernandez-Torrón R, Bourke J, Bettinson K, Harris E, Hilsden H, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Bravver E, Diaz Manera J, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Bushby K, Straub V. Is cardiac dysfunction a feature of dysferlinopathy? Data from the Clinical Outcome Study of Dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(18)30305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Heslop E, Guglieri M, Bushby K, Turner C, Davis B, Litchfield N, Crossley E, Johnson A, Straub V. DMD HUB: expanding clinical trial capacity for Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the UK. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(18)30406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fernandez Torron R, Harris E, Bourke J, Bettinson K, Hilsden H, Spuler S, Day J, Jones K, Bharucha-Goebel D, Salort-Campana E, Pestronk A, Walter M, Paradas C, Stojkovic T, Mori-Yoshimura M, Bravver E, Diaz-Manera J, Pegoraro E, Mendell J, Bushby K, Straub V. Is cardiac dysfunction a feature of dysferlinopathy? Data from the clinical outcome study of dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ben Yaou R, Dabaj I, Yun P, Norato G, Xiong H, Nascimento A, Maggi L, Sarkozy A, Monges S, Bertoli M, Komaki H, Mercuri E, Zanoteli E, Bushby K, Muntoni F, Rutkowski A, Bönnemann C, Quijano-Roy S, Bonne G. First results from the international LMNA -related congenital and childhood onset muscular dystrophy retrospective natural history study. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Elliott E, Guglieri M, Evangelista T, Lochmüller H, Straub V, Bushby K, Marini-Bettolo C. Audit of unplanned hospital admissions for patients with neuromuscular disorders in Cumbria and the north east of England. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Dabaj I, Ben Yaou R, Bönnemann C, Nascimento A, Rutkowski A, Erazo Torricelli R, Muntoni F, Lagrue E, Dowling J, Bushby K, Casteglioni C, Kleinsteuber K, Lorenzo M, Ishiyama A, Sejersen T, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Monges S, Bonne G, Quijano-roy S. Corticosteroid treatment in early-onset lamin A/C related muscular dystrophies. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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James M, Mayhew A, Eagle M, Muni Lofra R, Maron E, Gee R, Harman M, Duong T, Vandevelde B, Siener C, Thiele S, Mendez J, Canal A, Sakamoto C, Holsten S, Pedrosa-Hernández I, Semplicini C, Lowes L, Bushby K, Straub V. North Star Assessment for dysferlinopathy: Longitudinal performance in the clinical outcome study of dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Evangelista T, Leary R, Hails M, Lochmüller H, Bushby K. European reference network for rare neuromuscular diseases: EURO-NMD. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Johnson K, Bertoli M, Phillips L, Blain A, Ensini M, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Töpf A, Lek M, Xu L, Mullen T, Valkanas E, MacArthur D, Straub V. The MYO-SEQ project: application of exome sequencing technologies to 1000 patients affected by limb-girdle weakness of unknown origin. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Harris E, Töpf A, Hudson J, Barresi R, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Straub V. Myofibrillar myopathy phenotype due to recessive mutations in MEGF10. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cameron S, Eglon G, Hastings L, Straub V, Guglieri M, Lochmüller H, Bushby K, Marini-Bettolo C. An audit on the reasons why patients failed to attend the Newcastle University Trust Hospitals’ Neuromuscular Clinics, at the John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, and the actions taken. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Guglieri M, Clemens P, Cnaan A, Damsker J, Gordish-Dressman H, Morgenroth L, Davis R, Nagaraju K, Hathout Y, Athanasiou D, Vroom E, Bushby K, Hoffman E. Vision DMD: A drug development program for vamorolone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elliott E, van Ruiten H, Guglieri M, Evangelista T, Lochmüller H, Straub V, Bushby K, Marini-Bettolo C. Audit of unplanned hospital admissions for patients with neuromuscular disorders in the North East. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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James M, Mayhew A, Eagle M, Moore U, Muni Lofra R, Hilsden H, Bettinson K, Harris E, Straub V, Bushby K. Development of a robust disease specific functional measure suitable for trials in ambulant and non-ambulant individuals with dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smith F, Azzabou N, Reyngoudt H, Wilson I, Fernandez-Torrón R, Carlier P, Blamire A, Bushby K, Straub V. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the skeletal muscle in a multi-center dysferlinopathy study: 1-year follow-up. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Díaz-Manera J, Fernandez-Torrón R, Llauger J, James M, Mayhew A, Smith F, Rufibach L, Bushby K, Straub V. Semi-quantitative muscle MRI in dysferlinopathy patients: pattern recognition and implications for clinical trials. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Ruiten HJA, Marini Bettolo C, Cheetham T, Eagle M, Lochmuller H, Straub V, Bushby K, Guglieri M. Why are some patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy dying young: An analysis of causes of death in North East England. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:904-909. [PMID: 27524390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common inherited muscle disease in children. Recent years have seen an increase in age of survival into adulthood following the introduction of proactive standards of care. We reviewed mortality in DMD in our population in order to identify potential underlying risk factors for premature death and improve clinical care. METHOD A retrospective case note review of all deaths in the DMD population over the last 10 years in North East England. We identified 2 groups of patients: patients who died from underlying cardiac and/or respiratory failure (group 1) and patients who died unexpectedly in the absence of underlying cardio-respiratory failure (group 2). RESULTS Detailed information was available on 21 patients. Mean age of death in group 1 (17 patients) was 23.9 (14.4-39.5) years, in group 2 (4 patients) 14 (12.7-14.9) years. Causes of death in group 2 were acute pneumonia, cardiac arrest, acute respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. Across both groups we identified concerns regarding respiratory failure, inadequate nutrition, non-attendance at appointments, suboptimal coordination of care and decreased psychological wellbeing. In group 2, fat embolism, cardiac arrhythmia and adrenal insufficiency were also potential contributing factors. CONCLUSIONS The main cause of death in DMD in our population remains cardio-respiratory failure. Four patients (19%) died in their teenage years in the absence of severe cardiorespiratory failure. A more thorough understanding of the impact of DMD and its treatment on all organs systems is required to minimise the risk of an untimely death.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J A Van Ruiten
- Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, New Victoria Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK; The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - C Marini Bettolo
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - T Cheetham
- Great North Children's Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, New Victoria Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - M Eagle
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - H Lochmuller
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - V Straub
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - K Bushby
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Guglieri
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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Takeuchi F, Komaki H, Rodger S, Kirschner J, Kimura E, Takeda S, Gramsch K, Vry J, Bushby K, Lochmuller H, Wada K, Nakamura H. A comparative study of care and support for young boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy between Japan and European countries: Implications of early diagnosis. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Paradas C, Moore U, James M, Mayhew A, Azzabou N, Fernandez Torron R, Reyngoudt H, Smith F, Harris E, Bettinson K, Hilsden H, Jacobs M, Feng J, Cnaan A, Rufibach L, Eagle M, Blamire A, Carlier P, Bushby K. Clinical outcome study for dysferlinopathy: One-year follow-up. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Torelli S, Sarkozy A, Mein R, Yau M, Hammans S, Radunovic A, Henderson M, Walker M, Marino S, Winder S, Feng L, Phadke R, Sewry C, Bushby K, Muntoni F, Barresi R. Mobility shift of beta-dystroglycan combined with reduced laminin alpha2 expression is a marker of genetic defects in the GMPPB gene. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guglieri M, Clemens P, Cnaan A, Damsker J, Gordish-Dressman H, Morgenroth L, Davis R, Nagaraju K, Hathout Y, Vroom E, Bushby K, Hoffman E. Vision DMD: Vamorolone drug development program for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramsey D, Scoto M, Mayhew A, Main M, Mazzone E, Montes J, Dunaway S, Salazar R, Glanzman A, Pasternak A, Duong T, Gee R, Civitello M, Bushby K, Day J, Darras B, De Vivo D, Finkel R, Mercuri E, Muntoni F. Revised Hammersmith scale for spinal muscular atrophy: Longitudinal changes over six and twelve months in a large international cohort. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Joseph S, Bushby K, Guglieri M, Horrocks I, Ahmed S, Wong S. Growth patterns and fractures in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Insights from over 800 boys in the UK North Star cohort. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Figueroa-Bonaparte S, Hudson J, Barresi R, Polvikoski T, Williams T, Töpf A, Harris E, Hilton-Jones D, Petty R, Willis TA, Longman C, Dougan CF, Parton MJ, Hanna MG, Quinlivan R, Farrugia ME, Guglieri M, Bushby K, Straub V, Lochmüller H, Evangelista T. Mutational spectrum and phenotypic variability of VCP-related neurological disease in the UK. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:680-1. [PMID: 26105173 PMCID: PMC4893144 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Figueroa-Bonaparte
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Hudson
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Barresi
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Rare Diseases Advisory Group Service for Neuromuscular Diseases, Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit, Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Polvikoski
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Williams
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Töpf
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - E Harris
- The John Walton Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Hilton-Jones
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R Petty
- Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - T A Willis
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - C Longman
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - C F Dougan
- The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK
| | - M J Parton
- UCL MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen- Square, London, UK
| | - M G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - R Quinlivan
- UCL MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen- Square, London, UK
| | - M E Farrugia
- Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Guglieri
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K Bushby
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Straub
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - H Lochmüller
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Evangelista
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Willis T, Wood C, Hudson J, Polvikoski T, Barresi R, Lochmüller H, Bushby K, Straub V. Muscle hypertrophy as the presenting sign in a patient with a completeFHL1deletion. Clin Genet 2016; 90:166-70. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Willis
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - C.L. Wood
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - J. Hudson
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - T. Polvikoski
- Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - R. Barresi
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Rare Diseases Advisory Group Service for Neuromuscular Diseases; Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - H. Lochmüller
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - K. Bushby
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - V. Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre; Institute of Genetic Medicine; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Bushby K, Reha A, Northcutt V, Luo X, Ong T, Park S, Spiegel R. First drug registry in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) to assess Translarna (Ataluren) use, safety, and effectiveness in routine clinical practice. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jimenez C, Moreno, Eagle M, Mayhew A, James M, Straub V, Bushby K. Impact of three decades of improvement in standards of care for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Turner C, Bushby K, Johnston L, Lochmüller H, Riess O, Wirth B, Straub V, Thompson R, van Ommen G. Collaboration in NeurOmics: Enabling effective data-sharing and maximising impact in neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Harris E, Hudson J, Marsh J, Marini Bettolo C, Neri M, Ferlini A, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Straub V, Barresi R. A novel STIM1 mutation at p.340 causes tubular aggregate myopathy with miosis without additional features of Stormorken syndrome. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marini Bettolo C, van Ruiten H, Guglieri M, Eagle M, Straub V, Lochmüller H, Bushby K. Overview of morbidity, mortality and survival in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the North East of England. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Turner C, Brice A, Bushby K, Riess O, Hanna M, van Ommen G, Muntoni F, Klockgether T, Wirth B, Lochmüller H, Timmerman V, Schoells L, Straub V, Tabrizi S. NeurOmics: EU-funded-omics research for diagnosis and therapy in rare neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hudson J, Graham E, Charlton R, Guglieri M, Bushby K, Straub V, Barresi R. The importance of dosage analysis in dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sframeli M, Sarkozy A, Bertoli M, Astrea G, Hudson J, Scoto M, Mein R, Yau M, Phadke R, Feng L, Sewry C, Robb S, Manzur A, Messina S, Bushby K, Muntoni F. Congenital muscular dystrophies in the UK population: Update of clinical and molecular spectrum of patients diagnosed over a 12-year period. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sarkozy A, Torelli S, Barresi R, Bertoli M, Sframeli M, Mein R, Yau M, Sewry C, Phadke R, Feng L, Ala P, Manzur A, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Willis T, Norwood F, Rakowicz R, Muntoni F. Eight novel UK families further expand current knowledge on GMPPB-gene related dystroglycanopathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marini Bettolo C, Guglieri M, van Ruiten H, Straub V, Bushby K, Lochmüller H. Cautionary tale in Duchenne muscular dystrophy – Opioids in neuromuscular disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ramsey D, Scoto M, Mayhew A, Main M, Wilson I, Mazzone E, Montes J, Dunaway S, Pasternak A, Salazar R, Bushby K, Finkel R, Mercuri E, Muntoni F. Revised Hammersmith scale for spinal muscular atrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mayhew A, James M, Eagle M, Bladen C, Muni Lofra R, Bettinson K, Hilsden H, Harris E, Bushby K, Rufibach L. Preparation of a disease specific functional measure suitable for trials in dysferlinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Straub V, Davies N, Barresi R, Morris C, Pickthall C, Bushby K. G.P.280. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bertoli M, Evangelista T, Sarkozy A, Schaefer A, Goldsmith P, Barresi R, Straub V, Muntoni F, Bushby K, Lochmuller H. G.P.313. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Harris E, Bettinson K, James M, Mayhew A, Eagle M, Bushby K. G.P.247. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Guglieri M, Sambuughin N, Sarkozy A, Barresi R, Lochmüller H, Bushby K, Goldfarb L, Straub V. A.P.6. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haberlova J, Mitrović Z, Zarković K, Lovrić D, Barić V, Berlengi L, Bilić K, Fumić K, Kranz K, Huebner A, von der Hagen M, Barresi R, Bushby K, Straub V, Barić I, Lochmüller H. Psycho-organic symptoms as early manifestation of adult onset POMT1-related limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:990-2. [PMID: 25088310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report two siblings of Croatian consanguineous healthy parents with a novel homozygous missense mutation in the POMT1 gene, presenting with intellectual disability and psychotic, in particular hallucinatory symptoms and abnormal brain MRIs, preceding classical symptoms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy by several years. Weakness became apparent in early adulthood and both siblings remained ambulant into the 3rd and 4th decade of life. The muscle biopsy showed reduced α-dystroglycan compatible with the POMT1 defect. This case report extends the phenotypic spectrum of POMT1 associated muscular dystrophies to the adult onset limb girdle muscular dystrophies with psycho-organic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haberlova
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Z Mitrović
- National Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Zarković
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Lovrić
- Polyclinic Sunce, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Barić
- Department for Integral Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Vrapče, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Berlengi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Bilić
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Fumić
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Kranz
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - A Huebner
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M von der Hagen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - R Barresi
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - K Bushby
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - V Straub
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - I Barić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - H Lochmüller
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK.
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