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Akimoto M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Yamaga H, Yoshida K, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kamiya K, Kojima K, Kawakami T, Kojima H, Ono A, Kasahara T, Fujita M. Cover Image. J Appl Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Akimoto M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Yamaga H, Yoshida K, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kamiya K, Kojima K, Kawakami T, Kojima H, Ono A, Kasahara T, Fujita M. Oxidation of a cysteine-derived nucleophilic reagent by dimethyl sulfoxide in the amino acid derivative reactivity assay. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:843-854. [PMID: 32052484 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA), which is an in chemico alternative to the use of animals in testing for skin sensitization potential, offers significant advantages over the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) in that it utilizes nucleophilic reagents that are sensitive enough to be used with test chemical solutions prepared to concentrations of 1 mm, which is one-hundredth that of DPRA. ADRA testing of hydrophobic or other poorly soluble compounds requires that they be dissolved in a solvent consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile. DMSO is known to promote dimerization by oxidizing thiols, which then form disulfide bonds. We investigated the extent to which DMSO oxidizes the cysteine-derived nucleophilic reagents used in both DPRA and ADRA and found that oxidation of both N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-l-cysteine (NAC) and cysteine peptide increases as the concentration of DMSO increases, thereby lowering the concentration of the nucleophilic reagent. We also found that use of a solvent consisting of 5% DMSO in acetonitrile consistently lowered NAC concentrations by about 0.4 μm relative to the use of solvents containing no DMSO. We also tested nine sensitizers and four nonsensitizers having different sensitization potencies to compare NAC depletion with and without 5% DMSO and found that reactivity was about the same with either solvent. Based on the above, we conclude that the use of a solvent containing 5% DMSO has no effect on the accuracy of ADRA test results. We plan to review and propose revisions to OECD Test Guideline 442C based on the above investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Akimoto
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Lion Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratory, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaga
- Lion Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratory, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kousuke Yoshida
- Lion Corporation, Safety Science Research Laboratory, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yu Tahara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Chemical Safety Department, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horie
- Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Kusakari
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamiya
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kojima
- Food and Drug Safety Center, Hatano Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaharu Fujita
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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Fujita M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Sugawara T, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kurokawa Y, Kawakami T, Kojima K, Sozu T, Nakayama T, Kusao T, Richmond J, Nicole K, Kim B, Kojima H, Kasahara T, Ono A. The within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibility and predictive capacity of the in chemico amino acid derivative reactivity assay: Results of validation study implemented in four participating laboratories. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1492-1505. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation CenterLion Corporation Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tsunetsugu Sugawara
- Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation CenterLion Corporation Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Yu Tahara
- Chemical Safety DepartmentMitsui Chemicals, Inc Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horie
- Environmental Health Science LaboratorySumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Environmental Health Science LaboratorySumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd Osaka Japan
| | - Kei Kusakari
- Biological Research LaboratoriesNissan Chemical Corporation Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kurokawa
- Biological Research LaboratoriesNissan Chemical Corporation Saitama Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental ChemistryNational Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Takashi Sozu
- Faculty of EngineeringTokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Takuto Nakayama
- Faculty of EngineeringTokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeru Kusao
- Faculty of EngineeringTokyo University of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Jon Richmond
- Dr. Jon Richmond: Advice and Consultancy Fife UK
| | - Kleinstreuer Nicole
- NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods North Carolina USA
| | - Bae‐Hwa Kim
- College of Natural Sciences Keimyung University Daegu South Korea
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk AssessmentNational Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Ono
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama University Okayama Japan
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Fujita M, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe S, Sugawara T, Wakabayashi K, Tahara Y, Horie N, Fujimoto K, Kusakari K, Kurokawa Y, Kawakami T, Kojima K, Kojima H, Ono A, Katsuoka Y, Tanabe H, Yokoyama H, Kasahara T. Cause of and countermeasures for oxidation of the cysteine-derived reagent used in the amino acid derivative reactivity assay. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:191-208. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Fujifilm Corporation, Safety Evaluation Centre; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tsunetsugu Sugawara
- Lion Corporation, Human & Environmental Safety Evaluation Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Yu Tahara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.; Chemical Safety Department; Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horie
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; Environmental Health Science Laboratory; Osaka Japan
| | - Kei Kusakari
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kurokawa
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Biological Research Laboratories; Saitama Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Division of Environmental Chemistry; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kohichi Kojima
- Food and Drug Safety Center; Hatano Research Institute; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- National Institute of Health Sciences; Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | | | - Hideto Tanabe
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Fujifilm Corporation, Research & Development Management Headquarters; Analysis Technology Center; Kanagawa Japan
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Aoyagi H, Kobayashi Y, Yamada K, Yokoyama M, Kusakari K, Tanaka H. Efficient production of saikosaponins in Bupleurum falcatum root fragments combined with signal transducers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 57:482-8. [PMID: 11762592 DOI: 10.1007/s002530100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient system to produce saikosaponins (saikosaponin-a and -d) in Bupleurum falcatum adventitious root fragments combined with signal transducers was developed. The roots are heterogeneous in terms of size and shape and sometimes form aggregates during cultivation. When the roots were cut to lengths of about 5 mm using a scalpel and cultivated, the root fragments did not form the aggregates, and root growth and saikosaponin production were not inhibited. After screening various signal transducers, it was clear that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) markedly promoted saikosaponin production. By comparing the effect of MeJA and related substances on saikosaponin production, we conclude that both the pentenyl and carboxylmethyl group of MeJA play an important role in the promotion of saikosaponin production. Addition of both 100 microM MeJA and 20 mM CaCl2 to the medium stimulated the content of saikosaponin in the root, with levels reaching 31.7 mg/g-dry root for 15 days of cultivation. A large amount of root fragments were prepared using a blender and cultivated (23 g-dry root/l) with 400 microM MeJA and 20 mM CaCl2, resulting in a high concentration of saikosaponins (747.3 mg/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aoyagi
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kusakari K, Yokoyama M, Inomata S. Enhanced production of saikosaponins by root culture of Bupleurum falcatum L. using two-step control of sugar concentration. Plant Cell Rep 2000; 19:1115-1120. [PMID: 30754779 DOI: 10.1007/s002990000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sugar concentration on the production of saikosaponins was investigated using a root culture of Bupleurum falcatum L. The formation of the lateral roots, which were induced in the presence of indolebutyric acid, was suppressed as the sugar concentration was increased. After the lateral root tips had emerged from the inoculated roots, however, high concentrations of sugar showed no inhibitory effect on the development of the lateral roots. A two-step culture, with 1% sucrose at the beginning of the culture and addition of 6% sucrose at 14 days, when lateral roots have emerged, greatly improved the productivity, affording 0.8 g/l of saikosaponin-a and -d.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusakari
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi 224-8558, Japan e-mail: Fax: +81-45-590-6088, , , , , , JP
| | - M Yokoyama
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi 224-8558, Japan e-mail: Fax: +81-45-590-6088, , , , , , JP
| | - S Inomata
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama-shi 224-8558, Japan e-mail: Fax: +81-45-590-6088, , , , , , JP
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoshino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Nitta K, Terasaki Y, Kusakari K, Onodera J, Kanno K, Kawauchi H, Takayanagi Y. Comparative studies of carbohydrate-binding proteins from Xenopus laevis skin and eggs. Sugar-binding specificities and affinity purification. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990; 38:975-81. [PMID: 2379292 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.38.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salt and detergent extracts of acetone-dried powder of Xenopus laevis skin and eggs were fractionated on sugar-Sepharose columns, to which lactose, melibiose, galactose, rhamnose and mannose had been covalently linked, by successive elution with chelating reagent and specific sugars, resulting in separation of the different Ca2(+)-dependent and Ca2(+)-independent carbohydrate-binding proteins. The skin of X. laevis contains a salt-extractable Ca2(+)-dependent lactose-binding lectin of 30 kilodalton (kDa) and the eggs a similar lectin of 43 kDa, but they both lack Ca2(+)-dependent galactose-binding lectins. The 30 kDa lactose-binding lectin which agglutinates human A erythrocytes was isolated by successive affinity chromatography on two linked sugar-Sepharose columns, i.e., a galactose-Sepharose-lactose-Sepharose (GL) column system. Since the 30 kDa lectin was not recovered in the Ca2(+)-dependent lactose-binding protein fraction from the GL column system under the dithiothreitol (DDT)-free conditions, it was concluded that the lectin requires the presence of DTT and calcium for binding to the lactose-Sepharose column.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nitta
- Cancer Research Institute, Tohoku College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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Yamao H, Ishida M, Okazaki N, Hatanaka K, Ohama N, Hoshi K, Nakazima H, Kusakari K, Toguri E. [A case of macroglobulinemia with lung cancer associated with cryoglobulinemia and pyroglobulinemia (author's transl)]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1979; 68:742-9. [PMID: 113473 DOI: 10.2169/naika.68.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Tsujino D, Sasaki Y, Senda R, Kusakari K, Okabe K. [Experimental study and clinical application of a radioimmunoassay kit for the analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen]. Kaku Igaku 1976; 13:533-41. [PMID: 988357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Saedi S, Nyhus LM, Gabrys BF, Kusakari K, Bombeck CT. Pharmacological prevention of esophageal stricture: an experimental study in the cat. Am Surg 1973; 39:465-9. [PMID: 4722419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Gillison EW, Kusakari K, Bombeck CT, Nyhus LM. The importance of bile in reflux oesophagitis and the success in its prevention by surgical means. Br J Surg 1972; 59:794-8. [PMID: 4627846 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800591013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A study was instituted using the Rhesus monkeyan animal which has been found to resemble man both in respect of the anatomy of the gastrooesophageal region and of the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the stomach—as a model.
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Gillison EW, Nyhus LM, Kusakari K. The nature of the reflux material in reflux oesophagitis. Br J Surg 1972; 59:300. [PMID: 4623187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gillison EW, De Castro VA, Nyhus LM, Kusakari K, Bombeck CT. The significance of bile in reflux esophagitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1972; 134:419-24. [PMID: 4621850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Watanabe Y, Sakai I, Suzuki H, Kusakari K, Koike N. [Evaluation of gastritis in the residual stomach and symptoms after gastrectomy]. Shujutsu 1966; 20:465-71. [PMID: 6004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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